, along the Southern African Plateau. Tectonophysics, vol.731, pp.104-130

,

P. Bachèlery, Le Fonctionnement des volcans boucliers. Mémoire HDR, 1999.

P. Bachèlery and C. Hémond, Geochemical and Petrological Aspects of Karthala Volcano, 2016.

. Heidelberg, R. Battistini, and G. Cremers, Geomorphology and vegetation of Iles Glorieuses, Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean, pp.367-384, 1972.

R. Battistini, J. Gayet, C. Jouannic, M. Labracherie, J. P. Peypouquet et al.,

, Etude des sédiments et la microfaune des îles Glorieuses (Canal de Mozambique), Cahiers ORSTOM. Série Géologie, vol.8, issue.2, pp.147-171

R. Battistini, C. Lalou, and G. Elbez, Datation par la méthode 230Th 234U du Pléistocene moyen marin de Madagascar et des ?les voisines, CR somm Soc géol France, vol.5, 0201.

J. M. Bardintzeff, J. P. Liégeois, B. Bonin, H. Bellon, and G. Rasamimanana, Madagascar volcanic provinces linked to the Gondwana break-up: Geochemical and isotopic evidences for contrasting mantle sources, Gondwana Research, vol.18, issue.2-3, pp.295-314, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00463897

Z. Ben-avraham, T. M. Niemi, and C. J. Hartnady, Mid-Tertiary changes in deep ocean circulation patterns in the Natal Valley and Transkei Basin, Southwest Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.121, issue.3-4, pp.639-646, 1994.

A. Bernard and M. Munschy, Were the Mascarene and Laxmi Basins (western Indian Ocean) formed at the same spreading centre? Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Ii Fascicule a-Sciences De La Terre Et Des Planetes, vol.330, pp.777-783, 2000.

C. Betzler, G. P. Eberli, D. Kroon, J. D. Wright, P. K. Swart et al., The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds, Scientific reports, vol.6, 2016.

M. K. Boudagher-fadel, Evolution and geological significance of larger benthic foraminifera, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, vol.21, pp.1-548, 2008.

M. K. Boudagher-fadel, Corrections for interfering isotopes in the 40 Ar/39 Ar dating method. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, N. R, vol.8, pp.427-433, 1970.

R. W. Brown, D. J. Rust, M. A. Summerfield, A. J. Gleadow, and M. C. De-wit, An Early Cretaceous phase of accelerated erosion on the south-western margin of Africa: Evidence from apatite fission track analysis and the offshore sedimentary record, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, vol.17, issue.3, pp.339-350, 1990.

, , pp.90056-90060

K. Burke, The African plate, South African Journal of Geology, vol.99, issue.4, pp.341-409, 1996.

K. Burke and Y. Gunnell, The African erosion surface: a continental-scale synthesis of geomorphology, tectonics, and environmental change over the past 180 million years, vol.201, 2008.

J. A. Castelino, C. Reichert, F. Klingelhoefer, D. Aslanian, and W. Jokat, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic sediment influx and morphology of the Mozambique Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol.66, pp.890-905, 2015.

C. Class, S. L. Goldstein, R. Altherr, and P. Bachèlery, The process of plume-lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins-the case of Grande Comore, J Petrol, vol.39, issue.5, pp.881-903, 1998.

M. F. Coffin and P. D. Rabinowitz, Reconstruction of Madagascar and Africa: evidence from the Davie fracture zone and western Somali basin, J Geophys Res, vol.92, issue.B9, pp.9385-9406, 1987.

,

M. F. Coffin and . Rabinowitz, Evolution of the conjugate East African-Madagascan margins and the western Somali Basin, vol.226, 1988.

M. F. Coffin and P. D. Rabinowitz, The Mesozoic East African and Madagascan conjugate continental margins: stratigraphy and tectonics: chapter 12, 1992.

K. M. Cohen, S. C. Finney, P. L. Gibbard, and J. Fan, The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episode, vol.36, pp.199-204, 2013.

,

S. Courgeon, S. J. Jorry, G. F. Camoin, M. K. Boudagher-fadel, G. Jouet et al., Growth and demise of Cenozoic isolated carbonate platforms: New insights from the Mozambique channel seamounts (SW Indian Ocean), Marine Geology, vol.380, pp.90-105, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01637104

S. Courgeon, S. J. Jorry, G. Jouet, G. Camoin, M. K. Boudagher-fadel et al.,

E. , Impact of tectonic and volcanism on the Neogene evolution of isolated carbonate platforms (SW Indian Ocean), Sedimentary Geology, vol.355, pp.114-131, 2017.

K. G. Cox, Karoo igneous activity, and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland, 1992.

, Geological Society, vol.68, issue.1, pp.137-148

C. Cucciniello, L. Melluso, F. Jourdan, J. J. Mahoney, T. Meisel et al., 40 Ar-39 Ar ages and isotope geochemistry of Cretaceous basalts in northern Madagascar: refining eruption ages, extent of crustal contamination and parental magmas in a flood basalt province, Geological Magazine, vol.150, issue.1, pp.1-17, 2013.

G. B. Dalrymple and M. A. Lanphere, , p.40, 1971.

, Ar/39 Ar technique of K Ar dating: a comparison with the conventional technique, Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier, vol.12, pp.300-308

C. Darwin, The structure and distribution of coral reefs, vol.95, 1842.

A. Delaunay, Les mouvements verticaux de Madagascar (90 -0 Ma) : une analyse couplée des formes du relief et de l'enregistrement sédimentaire des marges ouest malgaches, Univ. Rennes, vol.1, p.p, 2018.

G. Eagles and M. König, A model of plate kinematics in Gondwana breakup, 2008.

, Journ. Internat, vol.173, pp.703-717

C. M. Emerick and R. A. Duncan, Age progressive volcanism in the Comores Archipelago, western Indian Ocean and implications for Somali plate tectonics, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.60, issue.3, pp.415-428, 1982.

J. C. Faugères and D. A. Stow, Bottom-current-controlled sedimentation: a synthesis of the contourite problem, Sedimentary Geology, vol.82, issue.1-4, pp.287-297, 1993.

B. W. Flemming, Sand transport and bedform patterns on the continental shelf between Durban and Port Elizabeth (southeast African continental margin), Sed. Geol, vol.26, pp.179-205, 1980.

K. Gallagher and R. Brown, Denudation and uplift at passive margins: the record on the, 1999.

, Atlantic Margin of southern Africa, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.357, pp.835-859, 1753.

,

C. Gaven and E. Vernier, Datation Io. U de coraux et paléogéodynamique du Pléistocène moyen des Iles Glorieuses (Canal du Mozambique), Quaternaria. Storia Naturale e Culturale del Quaternario Roma, vol.21, pp.45-52, 1979.

E. Grenard-grand, Géomorphologie et évolution stratigraphique de la marge nord-ouest, 2018.

. De-madagascar-depuis-le-crétacé, rôle des courants et des transferts sédimentaires dans l'incision de la pente continentale. Master 2 report, p.53

M. M. Guillaume, J. Reyss, P. A. Pirazzoli, and J. H. Bruggemann, Tectonic stability since the last interglacial offsets the Glorieuses Islands from the nearby Comoros archipelago, Coral Reefs, vol.32, pp.719-726, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00909859

A. K. Gupta, Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic history of the Somali Basin during the, 1997.

, Pliocene-Pleistocene; multivariate analyses of benthic foraminifera from DSDP Site 241 (Leg 25), The Journal of Foraminiferal Research, vol.27, issue.3, pp.196-208

J. A. Hanes, D. York, and C. M. Hall, An 40Ar/39Ar geochronological and electron microprobe investigation of an Archean pyroxenite and its bearing on ancient atmospheric compositions, Canadian Journal of Earth Science, vol.22, pp.947-958, 1985.

S. A. Jafar, Episodes of subaerial Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) linked to late, 2016.

, Turonian/late Maastrichtian deep incursion of sea on the Indian continental block, Global Geology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.255-260

W. Jokat, T. Boebel, M. König, and U. Meyer, Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.108, issue.B9, 2003.

,

S. J. Jorry, PTOLEMEE Cruise. RV L'Atalante, 2014.

S. J. Jorry, G. F. Camoin, G. Jouet, P. Le-roy, C. Vella et al., Modern sediments and Pleistocene reefs from isolated carbonate platforms (Iles Eparses, SW Indian Ocean): a preliminary study, Acta oecologica, vol.72, pp.129-143, 2016.

F. Jourdan and P. R. Renne, Age calibration of the Fish Canyon sanidine 40 Ar/39 Ar dating, 2007.

D. V. Kent and F. M. Gradstein, A Cretaceous and Jurassic geochronology, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.96, issue.11, pp.1419-1427, 1985.

R. M. Key, R. A. Smith, M. Smelror, O. M. Saether, T. Thorsnes et al., Revised lithostratigraphy of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic succession of the onshore Rovuma Basin, northern coastal Mozambique, South African Journal of Geology, vol.111, issue.1, pp.89-108, 2008.

,

L. C. King, The Morphology of the Earth, 1967.

J. Klimke and D. Franke, Gondwana breakup: no evidence for a Davie Fracture Zone offshore northern Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya, Terra Nova, vol.28, issue.4, pp.233-244, 2016.

,

P. C. Knutz, Palaeoceanographic significance of contourite drifts, 2008.

, Sedimentology, vol.60, pp.10024-10027

M. König and W. Jokat, Advanced insights into magmatism and volcanism of the, 2010.

, Mozambique Ridge and Mozambique Basin in the view of new potential field data, Geophysical Journal International, vol.180, issue.1, pp.158-180

A. Kounov, G. Viola, M. De-wit, and M. A. Andreoli, Denudation along the Atlantic passive margin: new insights from apatite fission-track analysis on the western coast of South Africa, 2009.

, Geological Society, vol.324, issue.1, pp.287-306

D. W. Krause, J. J. Sertich, P. M. O'connor, K. C. Rogers, and R. R. Rogers, The Mesozoic Biogeographic History of Gondwanan Terrestrial Vertebrates: Insights from Madagascar's Fossil Record, 2019.

, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.47

J. Lee, K. Marti, J. P. Severinghaus, K. Kawamura, H. Yoo et al., A redetermination of the isotopic abundances of atmospheric Ar, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.70, issue.4, pp.329-348, 2006.

,

A. K. Martin, S. W. Goodlad, C. J. Hartnady, and A. D. Plessis, Cretaceous palaeopositions of the Falkland Plateau relative to southern Africa using Mesozoic seafloor spreading anomalies, 1982.

, Geophysical Journal International, vol.71, issue.3, pp.567-579

L. A. Maugé, J. Ségoufin, E. Vernier, and C. Froget, Geomorphologie et origine des bancs du nord-est du canal de Mozambique-Ocean Indien occidental (geomorphology and origin of the reefbanks of the north-eastern Mozambique Channel-Western Indian Ocean), Marine Geology, vol.47, issue.1-2, pp.37-55, 1982.

J. M. Mcarthur and R. J. Howarth, Chapter 7 -strontium isotope stratigraphy. The Geologic Time Scale, pp.127-144, 2012.

R. A. Mccall, Implications of recent geological investigations of the Mozambique channel for the mammalian colonization of Madagascar, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol.264, pp.663-665, 1382.

I. N. Mccave, Size sorting during transport and deposition of fine sediments: sortable silt and flow speed, Developments in Sedimentology, vol.60, issue.08, pp.10008-10013, 2008.

I. Mcdougall and T. Harrison, Geochronology and thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar method, 1999.

J. G. Meert and E. Tamrat, Paleomagnetic evidence for a stationary Marion hotspot: additional paleomagnetic data from Madagascar, Gondwana Research, vol.10, issue.3-4, pp.340-348, 2006.

,

L. Michon, The volcanism of the Comoros archipelago integrated at a regional scale, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01147339

P. Bachelery, J. Lénat, D. Muro, A. Michon, and L. , Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala, Active volcanoes of the World, pp.233-244

K. G. Miller, M. A. Kominz, J. V. Browning, J. D. Wright, G. S. Mountain et al.,

F. Müller, R. D. Sdrolias, M. Gaina, C. Roest, and W. R. , Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, issue.5752, p.9, 2005.

,

C. O. Müller and W. Jokat, The initial Gondwana break-up: A synthesis based on new potential field data of the Africa-Antarctica Corridor, Tectonophysics, vol.750, pp.301-328, 2019.

C. J. Nicholas, P. N. Pearson, I. K. Mcmillan, P. W. Ditchfield, and J. M. Singano, Structural evolution of southern coastal Tanzania since the Jurassic, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.48, pp.273-297, 2007.

,

J. Nougier, J. M. Cantagrel, and J. P. Karche, The Comores Archipelago in the western Indian Ocean: volcanology geochronology and geodynamic setting, J African Earth Sci, vol.5, pp.135-145, 1986.

, , pp.90003-90008

K. Olu, PAMELA-MOZ1 Cruise, 2014.

T. C. Partridge and R. R. Maud, Geomorphic evolution of southern Africa since the, 1987.

, Mesozoic. South African Journal of Geology, vol.90, issue.2, pp.179-208

J. J. Phethean, L. M. Kalnins, J. Van-hunen, P. G. Biffi, R. J. Davies et al., , 2016.

, Madagascar's escape from A frica: A high-resolution plate reconstruction for the W estern S omali B asin and implications for supercontinent dispersal, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.17, issue.12, pp.5036-5055

A. A. Pelleter, M. Caroff, C. Cordier, P. Bachèlery, P. Nehlig et al., , 2014.

, An insight into the mantle source below the Comores, Melilite-bearing lavas in, vol.208, pp.281-297

D. W. Peterson and R. B. Moore, Geologic history and evolution of geologic concepts, island of Hawaii, Volcanism in Hawaii, vol.1350, pp.149-189, 1987.

, phénomènes de rifting crétacé et néogène, C. R. Acad Sci, vol.326, issue.10, pp.685-691

, , pp.80179-80180

C. Reeves, The Geophysical mapping of Mesozoic dyke swarms in southern Africa and their origin in the disruption of Gondwana, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.30, pp.449-513, 2000.

,

C. Reeves, The position of Madagascar within Gondwana and its movements during Gondwana dispersal, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.94, pp.45-57, 2014.

,

J. C. Roddick, R. A. Cliff, and D. C. Rex, The evolution of excess argon in alpine biotites -A 40Ar-39Ar analysis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.48, pp.185-208, 1980.

A. Said, C. Moder, S. Clark, and M. M. Abdelmalak, Sedimentary budgets of the Tanzania coastal basin and implications for uplift history of the East African rift system, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.111, pp.288-295, 2015.

G. Salman and I. Abdula, Development of the Mozambique and Ruvuma sedimentary basins, offshore Mozambique, Sedimentary Geology, vol.96, p.125, 1995.

P. Schlüter and G. Uenzelmann-neben, Seismostratigraphic analysis of the Transkei Basin: A history of deep sea current controlled sedimentation, Marine Geology, vol.240, issue.1-4, pp.99-111, 2007.

,

E. S. Simpson and R. Schlich, Init. Rep. Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg, vol.25, pp.287-346, 1974.

M. Storey, J. J. Mahoney, A. D. Saunders, R. A. Duncan, S. P. Kelley et al., Timing of hot spot-related volcanism and the breakup of Madagascar and India, Science, vol.267, issue.5199, pp.852-855, 1995.

N. Tetley, I. Mcdougall, and H. R. Heydegger, Thermal neutron interferences in the 40Ar/39Ar dating technique, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.85, pp.7201-7205, 1978.

J. O. Thompson, M. Moulin, D. Aslanian, P. De-clarens, and F. Guillocheau, Mesozoic exhumation of the southern Cape, 2008.

, quantified using apatite fission track thermochronology, Tectonophysics, vol.455, issue.1-4, pp.77-93

,

M. Toomey, A. D. Ashton, and J. T. Perron, Profiles of ocean islands coral reefs controlled by sea-level history and carbonate accumulation rates, Geology, vol.41, pp.731-734, 2013.

,

T. M. Townsend, K. A. Tolley, F. Glaw, W. Böhme, and M. Vences, Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands, Biology Letters, vol.7, issue.2, pp.225-228, 2010.

G. Turner and P. H. Cadogan, Possible effects of 39Ar recoil in 40Ar-39Ar dating, Proceedings of the Fifth Lunar Science Conference, vol.2, pp.1601-1615, 1974.

H. L. Walford, N. J. White, and J. C. Sydow, Solid sediment load history of the Zambezi Delta, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.238, issue.1-2, pp.49-63, 2005.

D. York, Least squares fitting of a straight line with correlated errors, Earth Planet. Sci, 1969.

. Lett, , vol.5, pp.320-324

D. York, N. Evensen, M. Lopez-martinez, . De-basabe, and J. Delgado, Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line, Am. J. Phys, vol.72, issue.3, pp.367-375, 2005.

,

J. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, and K. Billups, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. science, vol.292, pp.686-693, 2001.