D. M. Anderson and A. R. Tice, The unfrozen interfacial phase in frozen soil water systems, in Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis, vol.4, pp.107-124, 1973.

D. M. Anderson, E. S. Gaffney, and P. F. Low, Frost phenomena on Mars, Science, vol.155, pp.319-322, 1967.

A. P. Annan and J. L. Davis, Radar range analysis for geological materials, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can, pp.117-124, 1977.

S. A. Arcone, Pulse transmission through frozen silt, CRREL Rep, Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab, pp.84-101, 1984.

S. A. Arcone and A. J. Delaney, Field dielectric measurements of frozen silt using VHF pulses, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.9, pp.29-37, 1984.

S. A. Arcone and A. J. Delaney, Investigations of dielectric properties of some frozen materials using cross-borehole radiowave pulse transmission, Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab, vol.18, 1989.

S. A. Arcone and A. J. Delaney, Radiowave pulse refraction and ground wave propagation through permafrost and the active layer, in Permafrost, Proc. Int. Conf. Permafrost, 8th, pp.21-26, 2003.

S. A. Arcone, M. L. Prentice, and A. J. Delaney, Stratigraphic profiling with ground-penetrating radar in permafrost: A review of possible analogs for Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, issue.E11, p.5108, 2002.

S. A. Arcone, S. Grant, G. Boitnott, and B. Bostick, Complex permittivity and clay mineralogy of grain-size fractions in a wet silt soil, Geophysics, vol.73, issue.3, pp.1-13, 2008.

E. V. Ballou, P. C. Wood, T. Wydeven, M. E. Lehwalt, and R. E. Mack, Chemical interpretation of Viking Lander 1 life detection experiment, Nature, vol.271, pp.644-645, 1978.

A. Banin and D. M. Anderson, Effects of salt concentration changes during freezing on the unfrozen water content of porous materials, Water Resour. Res, vol.10, pp.124-128, 1974.

M. Bano, Constant dielectric losses of ground penetrating radarwaves, Geophys. J. Int, vol.124, pp.279-288, 1996.

J. Bibring, Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations, Science, vol.307, pp.1576-1581, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00378520

J. Boike and K. Yoshikawa, Mapping of periglacial geomorphology using kite/balloon aerial photography, Permafrost Periglacial Process, vol.14, issue.1, pp.18-85, 2003.

G. W. Brass, Stability of brines on Mars, vol.42, pp.20-28, 1980.

D. M. Burr, K. L. Tanaka, and K. Yoshikawa, Pingos on Earth and Mars, vol.57, pp.541-555, 2009.

D. Burt and L. P. Knauth, Electrically conducting, Ca-rich brines, rather than water, expected in the Martian subsurface, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.E4, p.8026, 2002.

B. Campbell, L. Carter, R. Phillips, J. Plaut, N. Putzig et al., SHARAD radar sounding of the Vastitas Borealis Formation in Amazonis Planitia, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, p.12010, 2008.

M. H. Carr, Mars: A water-rich planet?, Icarus, vol.68, issue.86, pp.90019-90028, 1986.

M. H. Carr, Water on Mars, 1996.

M. H. Carr and G. G. Schaber, Martian permafrost features, J. Geophys. Res, vol.82, issue.28, pp.4039-4054, 1977.

L. M. Carter, Shallow radar (SHARAD) sounding observations of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars, Icarus, vol.199, issue.2, pp.295-302, 2009.

V. Ciarletti, C. Corbel, F. Cais, D. Plettemeier, S. E. Hamran et al., Performances of the WISDOM GPR designed for the shallow sounding of Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XL, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570236

B. C. Clark and D. C. Van-hart, The salts of Mars, Icarus, vol.45, pp.370-378, 1981.

S. M. Clifford, A model for the hydrologic and climatic behavior of water on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.98, pp.973-984, 1993.

S. M. Clifford and T. J. Parker, The evolution of the Martian hydrosphere: Implications for the fate of a primordial ocean and the current state of the Northern Plains, Icarus, vol.154, pp.40-79, 2001.

S. M. Clifford, J. Lasue, E. Heggy, J. Boisson, P. Mcgovern et al., Depth of the Martian cryosphere: Revised estimates and implications for the existence and detection of subpermafrost groundwater, J. Geophys. Res, vol.115, p.7001, 2010.

F. M. Costard and J. S. Kargel, Outwash plains and thermokarst on Mars, vol.114, pp.93-112, 1995.

F. Costard, E. Gautier, and D. Brunstein, Siberian rivers and Martian outflow channels: An analogy, in The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-Based Analogs, Geophysics, vol.55, pp.1613-1624, 1990.

A. J. Delaney and S. A. Arcone, Laboratory measurements of soil electric properties between 0.1 and 5 GHz, CRREL Rep, Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab, pp.82-92, 1982.

A. J. Delaney and S. A. Arcone, Dielectric measurements of frozen silt using time domain reflectometry, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.9, issue.1, pp.90046-90052, 1984.

C. M. Dundas and A. S. Mcewen, An assessment of evidence for pingos on Mars using HiRISE, Icarus, vol.205, pp.244-258, 2010.

A. G. Fairén, A. F. Davila, L. Gago-duport, R. Amils, and C. P. Mckay, Stability against freezing of aqueous solutions on early Mars, vol.459, pp.401-404, 2009.

F. P. Fanale, J. R. Salvail, A. P. Zent, and S. E. Postawko, Global distribution and migration of subsurface ice on Mars, Icarus, vol.67, issue.86, pp.90170-90173, 1986.

T. G. Farr, Terrestrial analogs to Mars: The NRC community decadal report, Planet. Space Sci, vol.52, pp.3-10, 2004.

T. G. Farr, NRC Decadal Study of Terrestrial Analogues to Mars, Natl. Res. Counc, 2001.

E. R. Fuller, J. W. Head, and I. , Amazonis Planitia: The role of geologically recent volcanism and sedimentation in the formation of the smoothest plains on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, issue.E10, p.5081, 2002.

J. A. Grant, T. A. Maxwell, A. K. Johnston, C. J. Leuschen, A. E. Schutz et al., Using ground penetrating radar to constrain the drainage evolution in southern Egypt and implications for future deployment on Mars, Eos Trans. AGU, vol.85, issue.17, pp.53-57, 2004.

R. E. Grimm and S. L. Painter, On the secular evolution of groundwater on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.36, p.24803, 2009.

R. E. Grimm, E. Heggy, S. Clifford, C. Dinwiddie, R. Mcginnis et al., Absorption and scattering in ground-penetrating radar: Analysis of the Bishop Tuff, J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, pp.6-8, 2006.

J. W. Head, J. F. Mustard, M. A. Kreslavsky, R. E. Milliken, and D. R. Marchant, Recent ice ages on Mars, Nature, vol.426, pp.797-802, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01023522

J. W. Head, Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars, Nature, vol.434, pp.346-351, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00378887

J. W. Head, D. R. Marchand, M. C. Agnew, C. I. Fassett, and M. A. Kreslavsky, Extensive valley glacier deposits in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Evidence for Late Amazonian obliquity-driven climate change, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.241, pp.663-671, 2006.

M. H. Hecht, Detection of perchlorate and the soluble chemistry of Martian soil at the Phoenix lander site, Science, vol.325, pp.64-67, 2009.

E. Heggy, P. Paillou, G. Ruffié, J. M. Malézieux, F. Costard et al., On water detection in the Martian subsurface using sounding radar, Icarus, vol.154, issue.2, pp.244-257, 2001.

E. Heggy, S. M. Clifford, R. E. Grimm, C. L. Dinwiddie, D. Y. Wyrick et al., Ground-penetrating radar sounding in mafic lava flows: Assessing attenuation and scattering losses in Mars-analog volcanic terrains, J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, pp.6-10, 2006.

E. Heggy, S. M. Clifford, R. E. Grimm, C. L. Dinwiddie, J. A. Stamatakos et al., Low-frequency radar sounding investigations of the North Amargosa Desert, Nevada: A potential analog of conductive subsurface environments on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, pp.6-9, 2006.

H. Hiesinger, J. W. Head, and I. , Characteristics and origin of polygonal terrain in southern Utopia Planitia, Mars: Results from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter and Mars Orbiter Camera data, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, issue.E5, pp.999-1011, 2000.

P. Hoekstra and A. Delaney, Dielectric properties of soils at UHF and microwave frequencies, J. Geophys. Res, vol.79, pp.1699-1710, 1708.

P. Hoekstra, P. V. Sellmann, and A. Delaney, Ground and airborne resistivity surveys of permafrost near Fairbanks, vol.40, pp.641-656, 1975.

F. Hollender and S. Tillard, Modeling ground-penetrating radar wave propagation and reflection with the Jonscher parameterization, Geophysics, vol.63, 1933.

A. K. Jonscher, The universal dielectric response, Nature, vol.267, pp.673-679, 1977.

J. S. Kargel, J. Moore, and T. Parker, Workshop on the Martian Northern Plains, Sedimentological, Periglacial, and Paleoclimatic Evolution, LPI Tech. Rep. 93-04, 1983.

A. Lefort, P. S. Russell, and N. Thomas, Scalloped terrains in the Peneus and Amphitrites Paterae region of Mars as observed by HiRISE, Icarus, vol.205, pp.259-268, 2010.

C. Leuschen, P. Kanagaratnam, K. Yoshikawa, S. Arcone, and P. Gogineni, Design and field experiments of a ground penetrating radar for Mars exploration, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.E4, p.8034, 2003.

J. Levy, J. Head, and D. Marchant, Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: Classification, distribution, and climate implications from HiRISE observations, J. Geophys. Res, vol.114, p.1007, 2009.

M. H. Loke and R. D. Barker, Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method, Geophys. Prospect, vol.44, pp.131-152, 1996.

B. K. Lucchitta, Mars and Earth: Comparison of cold-climate features, Icarus, vol.45, pp.264-303, 1981.

B. K. Lucchitta, Geomorphic evidence of ground ice on Mars, in Ices in the Solar System, pp.583-604, 1985.

N. Mangold, Geomorphic analysis of lobate debris aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera scale: Evidence for ice sublimation initiated by fractures, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.E4, p.8021, 2003.

N. Mangold, High latitude patterned grounds on Mars: Classification, distribution and climatic control, Icarus, vol.174, pp.336-359, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00378998

N. Mangold, P. Allemand, P. Thomas, P. Duval, and Y. Géraud, Experimental and theoretical deformation of ice-rock mixtures: Implications on rheology and ice content of Martian permafrost, Planet. Space Sci, vol.50, pp.385-401, 2002.

N. Mangold, S. Maurice, W. C. Feldman, F. Costard, and F. Forget, Spatial relationships between patterned ground and ground ice detected by the Neutron Spectrometer on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.109, p.8001, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00380066

D. R. Marchant, J. W. Head, and I. , Antarctic dry valleys: Microclimate zonation, variable geomorphic processes, and implications for assessing climate change on Mars, Icarus, vol.192, pp.187-222, 2007.

S. Marchenko, V. Romanovsky, and G. Tipenko, Numerical modeling of spatial permafrost dynamics in Alaska, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, vol.2, pp.1125-1130, 2008.

M. T. Mellon and B. M. Jakosky, Geographic variations in the thermal and diffusive stability of ground ice on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.98, pp.3345-3364, 1993.

M. T. Mellon and B. M. Jakosky, The distribution and behavior of Martian ground ice during past and present epochs, J. Geophys. Res, vol.100, issue.E6, pp.781-792, 1995.

M. T. Mellon, R. E. Arvidson, J. J. Marlow, R. J. Phillips, and E. Asphaug, Periglacial landforms at the Phoenix landing site and the northern plains of Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, pp.0-23, 2008.

P. J. Mouginis-mark, Volcano/ground ice interactions in Elysium Planitia, p.64, 1985.

J. F. Mustard, Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CRISM instrument, Nature, vol.454, pp.305-309, 2008.

T. A. Mutch, The surface of Mars: The view from the Viking 2 Lander, Science, vol.194, issue.4271, pp.1277-1283, 1976.

R. J. Newberry, T. K. Bundtzen, K. H. Clautice, R. A. Combellick, T. Douglas et al., Preliminary geologic map of the Fairbanks mining district, Alaska, Public Data File 96-16, scale 1:63360, Alaska Div. of Geol. and Geophys. Surv, 1996.

P. Paillou, G. Grandjean, J. Malézieux, G. Ruffié, E. Heggy et al., Performances of ground penetrating radars in arid volcanic regions: Consequences for Mars subsurface exploration, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.28, issue.5, pp.911-914, 2001.

T. L. Péwé, Origin of the upland silt near Fairbanks, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, vol.66, pp.699-724, 1955.

R. J. Phillips, Mars north polar deposits: Stratigraphy, age, and geodynamical response, Science, vol.320, pp.1182-1185, 2008.

G. Picardi, Performance and surface scattering models for the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS), Planet. Space Sci, vol.52, pp.149-156, 2004.

J. J. Plaut, A. Safaeinili, J. W. Holt, R. J. Phillips, J. W. Head et al., Radar evidence for ice in lobate debris aprons in the mid-northern latitudes of Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.36, p.2203, 2009.

A. Pommerol, B. Schmitt, P. Beck, and O. Brissaud, Water sorption on Martian regolith analogs: Thermodynamics and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Icarus, vol.204, pp.114-136, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00365651

F. Poulet, J. Bibring, J. F. Mustard, A. Gendrin, N. Mangold et al., Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early Martian climate, Nature, vol.438, pp.623-627, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00379869

J. M. Reynolds, An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, pp.694-695, 1997.

L. A. Rossbacher and S. Judson, Ground ice on Mars: Inventory, distribution, and resulting landforms, vol.45, pp.90005-90006, 1981.

A. Séjourné, F. Costard, J. Gargani, R. J. Soare, A. Fedorov et al., Scalloped depressions and small-sized polygons in western Utopia Planitia, Mars: A new formation hypothesis, Planet. Space Sci, vol.59, pp.412-422, 2011.

P. V. Sellmann, Geology of the USA CRREL permafrost tunnel, Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab, 1967.

R. Seu, D. Biccari, R. Orosei, L. V. Lorenzoni, R. J. Phillips et al., SHARAD: The MRO 2005 shallow radar, vol.52, pp.157-166, 2004.

M. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, 1990.

P. H. Smith, The Phoenix Mission, 7th International Conference on Mars, pp.9-13, 2007.

R. J. Soare, J. S. Kargel, G. R. Osinski, and F. Costard, Thermokarst processes and the origin of crater-rim gullies in Utopia and western Elysium Planitia, Icarus, vol.191, issue.1, pp.95-112, 2007.

S. W. Squyres, Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris, Icarus, vol.34, pp.600-613, 1978.

S. W. Squyres, The distribution of lobate debris aprons and similar flows on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.84, pp.8087-8096, 1979.

S. W. Squyres and M. H. Carr, Geomorphic evidence for the distribution of ground ice on Mars, Science, vol.231, pp.249-252, 1986.

S. W. Squyres, S. M. Clifford, R. O. Kuzmin, J. R. Zimbelman, and F. M. Costard, Ice in the Martian regolith, in Mars, pp.523-554, 1992.

D. E. Stillman and R. E. Grimm, Radar penetrates only the youngest geological units on Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.3001, 2011.

D. E. Stillman, R. E. Grimm, and S. T. Dec, Low-frequency electrical properties of ice-silicate mixture, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.114, pp.6065-6073, 2010.

J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, 1941.

K. L. Tanaka, J. A. Skinner, and T. M. Hare, Geologic map of the northern plains of Mars, U. S. Geol. Surv. Sci. Invest. Map, p.2888, 2005.

F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave remote sensing: Active and passive, in Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory, Adv. Book Prog. Ser, vol.II, 1982.

T. R. Watters, Radar sounding of the Medusae Fossae Formation Mars: Equatorial ice or dry, low-density deposits?, Science, vol.318, issue.5853, pp.1125-1128, 2007.

K. Yoshikawa, Origin of the polygons and the thickness of Vastitas Borealis Formation in Western Utopia Planitia on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.30, issue.12, p.1603, 2003.

K. Yoshikawa, C. Leuschen, A. Ikeda, K. Harada, P. Gogineni et al., Comparison of geophysical investigations for detection of massive ground ice (pingo ice), J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, pp.6-19, 2006.

A. P. Zent, A historical search for habitable ice at the Phoenix landing site, Icarus, vol.196, pp.385-408, 2008.

A. Anglade, J. Boisson, and P. Lognonné,

S. M. Clifford, ;. , and U. E. Heggy, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3600 Bay Area Blvd

K. Yoshikawa, PO Box, vol.755860