In situ measurement of the Icelandic Holuhraun/ Bárðarbunga volcanicplume in an early “young state” using a LOAC

Damien Vignelles (1) , Tjarda J. Roberts (1) , Elisa Carboni (2) , Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova (3) , Gwenaël Berthet (1) , Fabrice Jegou (1) , Jean-Baptiste Renard (1) , Haraldur Olafsson , Baldur Bergsson (4) , Richard Yeo (4) , Njall Fannar Reynisson (4) , Roy Grainger (5) , Melissa A. Pfeffer (4) , Thibaut Lurton (1) , Vincent Duverger (1) , Benoit Coute (1)

1 LPC2E - Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace
2 AOPP - Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford]
3 University of Iceland [Reykjavik]
4 IMO - Icelandic Meteorological Office
5 Sub-Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford]

Volcanic eruptions have huge societal and economic consequences. In Iceland, one of the best known examples is the Laki eruption (1783-84 CE) (Thordarson and Self, 2003) which caused the death of > 20% of the Icelandic populations and likely increased European levels of mortality through air pollution (Witham and Oppenheimer, 2004). The recent fissure eruption at Holuhraun (31 August 2014 – 27 February 2015) was a major source of sulfur gases and aerosols and caused also both local and European-wide deteriorations to air quality (Gislason et al. 2015; Schmidt et al. 2015). The capability of atmospheric models to predict volcanic plume impacts is limited by uncertainties in the near-source plume state. Most in-situ measurements of the elevated plume involve interception of aged plumes that have already chemically or physically evolved. Small portable sensors airborne drone or balloon platforms offer a new possibility to characterize volcano plumes near to source. We present the results of a balloon flight through the plume emitted by Baugur the main vent during the night of the January 22th 2015. The balloon carrying a LOAC (Renard et al. 2015) has intercepted the plume at 8km distance downwind from the crater which represents a plume age of approximately 15 minutes. The plume was located in altitude between 2 and 3.1km above the sea level. Two layers were observed, a non-condensed lower layer and a condensed upper layer. The lower layer of 400m thick was characterized by a mode of fine particles centered on 0.2m in diameter and a second mode centered on 2.3m in diameter and a total particle concentration around 100 particles per cubic centimeter. The upper layer of 800m thick was a cloud-like signature with droplets centered on 20 m in diameter and a fine mode, the total particles concentrations was 10 times higher than the first layer. The plume top height was determined between 2.7 and 3.1 km, the plume height is in good agreement with an estimate made by analysis of IASI satellite remote sensing data, thus demonstrating in-situ validation of this recent satellite algorithm (Carboni et al. 2015). This experimentation shows that under such difficult field campaign conditions (strong wind, low temperatures, only car batteries for power supply, night time and active volcano close to the launch site) it is possible to launch meteorological balloons with novel payloads to directly sample in-situ the near-source plume, determine the plume altitude, identify dynamical phases of the plume and document the size distribution of particles inside a plume which is only a quarter of an hour old.

Domaines: Planète et Univers [physics]

Damien Vignelles, Tjarda J. Roberts, Elisa Carboni, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Gwenaël Berthet, et al.. In situ measurement of the Icelandic Holuhraun/ Bárðarbunga volcanicplume in an early “young state” using a LOAC. EGU General Assembly 2016, Apr 2016, Vienne, Austria. 18, pp.84 - 93, 2016. ⟨insu-02545369⟩