M. H. Carr, Water on Mars, Nature, vol.326, issue.6108, pp.30-35, 1987.

J. Lasue, N. Mangold, E. Hauber, S. Clifford, W. Feldman et al.,

O. Maurice and . Mousis, Quantitative Assessments of the Martian Hydrosphere, Space Sci. Rev, vol.174, pp.155-212, 2013.

T. Owen, J. P. Maillard, C. Bergh, and B. L. Lutz, Deuterium on Mars -The abundance of HDO and the value of D/H, Science, vol.240, pp.1767-1770, 1988.

S. Aoki, H. Nakagawa, H. Sagawa, M. Giuranna, G. Sindoni et al., Seasonal variation of the HDO/H 2 O ratio in the atmosphere of Mars at the middle of northern spring and beginning of northern summer, Icarus, vol.260, pp.7-22, 2015.

G. L. Villanueva, M. J. Mumma, R. E. Novak, H. U. Kaufl, P. Hartogh et al., Strong water isotopic anomalies in the martian atmosphere: Probing current and ancient reservoirs, Science, vol.348, pp.218-221, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02401006

M. B. Mcelroy, Mars: An Evolving Atmosphere, Science, vol.175, pp.443-445, 1972.

T. D. Parkinson and D. M. Hunten, Spectroscopy and Aeronomy of O2 on Mars, J. Atmospheric Sci, vol.29, pp.1380-1390, 1972.

V. A. Krasnopolsky, Mars' upper atmosphere and ionosphere at low, medium, and high solar activities: Implications for evolution of water: Mars' upper atmosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, vol.107, pp.11-12, 2002.

M. S. Chaffin, J. Chaufray, I. Stewart, F. Montmessin, N. M. Schneider et al., Unexpected variability of Martian hydrogen escape, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.41, pp.314-320, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00924436

J. T. Clarke, J. Bertaux, J. Chaufray, G. R. Gladstone, E. Quemerais et al., A rapid decrease of the hydrogen corona of Mars: the Martian Hydrogen Corona, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.41, pp.8013-8020, 2014.

M. . Chaffin, J. Deighan, N. . Schneider, and A. . Stewart, Elevated atmospheric escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars induced by high-altitude water, Nature Geoscience, vol.10, issue.3, pp.174-178, 2017.

N. G. Heavens, A. Kleinböhl, M. S. Chaffin, J. S. Halekas, D. M. Kass et al.,

S. Mccleese, J. H. Piqueux, J. T. Shirley, and . Schofield, Hydrogen escape from Mars enhanced by deep convection in dust storms, Nat. Astron, vol.2, pp.126-132, 2018.

V. A. Krasnopolsky, Photochemistry of water in the martian thermosphere and its effect on hydrogen escape, Icarus, vol.321, pp.62-70, 2019.

D. V. Michelangeli, O. B. Toon, R. M. Haberle, and J. B. Pollack, Numerical Simulations of the Formation and Evolution of Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmosphere, Icarus, vol.102, issue.2, pp.261-285, 1993.

R. T. Clancy, A. W. Grossman, M. J. Wolff, P. B. James, D. J. Rudy et al., Water Vapor Saturation at Low Altitudes around Mars Aphelion: A Key to Mars Climate?, Icarus, vol.122, issue.1, pp.36-62, 1996.

T. Navarro, J. Madeleine, F. Forget, A. Spiga, E. Millour et al., Global climate modeling of the Martian water cycle with improved microphysics and radiatively active water ice clouds, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.119, issue.7, pp.1479-1495, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01044402

O. Korablev, F. Montmessin, A. Trokhimovskiy, A. A. Fedorova, A. V. Shakun et al.,

B. E. Grigoriev, N. I. Moshkin, F. Ignatiev, F. Forget, K. Lefèvre et al.,

Y. S. Dzuban, Y. K. Ivanov, T. O. Kalinnikov, A. Kozlova, V. Kungurov et al.,

A. Patsaev, O. Santos-skripko, N. Sazonov, A. Semena, V. Semenov et al.,

A. V. Sidorov, I. Stepanov, D. Stupin, A. Y. Timonin, A. Titov et al.,

G. Altieri, D. A. Arnold, J. L. Belyaev, D. S. Bertaux, N. Betsis et al.,

A. Krasnopolsky, R. O. Kuzmin, E. Lellouch, M. A. Lopez-valverde, M. Luginin et al.,

C. Patel, A. V. Quantin-nataf, V. I. Rodin, I. Shematovich, N. Thomas et al.,

M. Vazquez, V. Vincendon, C. F. Wilquet, L. V. Wilson, L. M. Zasova et al.,

. Zorzano, The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars, Trace Gas Orbiter. Space Sci. Rev, vol.214, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01656380

A. A. Fedorova, O. I. Korablev, J. V. Bertaux, A. V. Rodin, F. A. Montmessin et al., Solar infrared occultation observations by SPICAM experiment on Mars-Express: Simultaneous measurements of the vertical distributions of H2O, CO2 and aerosol, Icarus, vol.200, issue.1, pp.96-117, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00363911

L. Maltagliati, F. Montmessin, A. Fedorova, O. Korablev, F. Forget et al., Evidence of Water Vapor in Excess of Saturation in the Atmosphere of Mars, Science, vol.333, pp.1868-1871, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00633419

J. Fedorova, D. Bertaux, F. Betsis, O. Montmessin, L. Korablev et al., Water vapor in the middle atmosphere of Mars during the 2007 global dust storm, Icarus, vol.300, pp.440-457, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01145702

, Supplemental Information 3: Supplementary Material Methods.

, Spin Crossover in Dinuclear N4S2 Iron(II) ThioetherTriazole Complexes: Access to [HS-HS], [HS-LS], and [LS-LS] States

S. D. Guzewich, M. Lemmon, C. L. Smith, G. Martínez, Á. Vicente-retortillo et al.,

M. Newman, C. Baker, B. Campbell, J. Cooper, A. Gómez-elvira et al.,

M. D. Richardson, R. Smith, M. T. Sullivan, A. R. Juarez, and D. Vasavada,

C. Viúdez-moreiras, M. Z. Zeitlin, and . Mier, Mars Science Laboratory Observations of the 2018/Mars Year 34 Global Dust Storm, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.46, pp.71-79, 2019.

D. M. Kass, A. Kleinböhl, D. J. Mccleese, J. T. Schofield, and M. D. Smith, Interannual similarity in the Martian atmosphere during the dust storm season, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.43, pp.6111-6118, 2016.

P. Wolkenberg, M. Giuranna, D. Grassi, A. Aronica, S. Aoki et al., Characterization of dust activity on Mars from MY27 to MY32 by PFS-MEX observations, Icarus, vol.310, pp.32-47, 2018.

R. T. Clancy, M. D. Smith, F. Lefèvre, T. H. Mcconnochie, B. J. Sandor et al., Vertical profiles of Mars 1.27 µm O 2 dayglow from MRO CRISM limb spectra: Seasonal/global behaviors, comparisons to LMD-GCM simulations, and a global definition for Mars water vapor profiles, Icarus, vol.293, pp.132-156, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01512291

F. Forget, F. Hourdin, R. Fournier, C. Hourdin, O. Talagrand et al., Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.104, issue.E10, pp.24155-24175, 1999.

M. I. Richardson and R. J. Wilson, A topographically forced asymmetry in the martian circulation and climate, Nature, vol.416, pp.298-301, 2002.

F. Montmessin, F. Forget, P. Rannou, M. Cabane, and R. M. Haberle, Origin and role of water ice clouds in the Martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, vol.109, p.10004, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-02897064

D. S. Shaposhnikov, A. S. Medvedev, A. V. Rodin, P. Hartogh, and . Water, Pump" in the Atmosphere of Mars: Vertical Transport to the Thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.46, pp.4161-4169, 2019.

A. C. Vandaele, J. J. Lopez-moreno, and M. R. Patel, NOMAD, an Integrated Suite of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars Trace Gas Mission: Technical Description, Science Objectives and Expected Performance, Space Sci Rev, vol.214, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01818686

I. E. Gordon, The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, vol.203, pp.3-69, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01765945

L. R. Brown, C. M. Humphrey, and R. R. Gamache, CO 2 -broadened water in the pure rotation and ? 2 fundamental regions, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, vol.246, pp.1-21, 2007.

C. D. Rodgers, Inverse methods for atmospheric sounding: Theory and practice, in Series on atmospheric, oceanic and planetary physics, vol.2, 2000.

K. Levenberg, A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares, Quarterly Journal of Applied Mathematics, pp.164-168, 1944.

D. Marquardt, An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters, Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, vol.11, pp.431-441, 1963.

S. Ceccherini, Analytical determination of the regularization parameter in the retrieval of atmospheric vertical profiles, Optics Letters, vol.30, issue.19, p.2554, 2005.

S. Ceccherini, C. Belotti, B. Carli, P. Raspollini, and M. Ridolfi, Technical Note: Regularization performances with the error consistency method in the case of retrieved atmospheric profiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.1435-1440, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00303954

. Kleinböhl, Mars Climate Sounder limb profile retrieval of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and dust and water ice opacity, Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), vol.114, p.10006, 2009.

P. Irwin, N. Teanby, R. Kok, L. Fletcher, C. Howett et al., The NEMESIS planetary atmosphere radiative transfer and retrieval tool, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol.109, issue.6, pp.1136-1150, 2008.

J. Alday, Oxygen isotopic ratios in Martian water vapour observed by ACS MIR on board ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-02288294

D. J. Mccleese and J. T. Schofield, MRO MARS CLIMATE SOUNDER LEVEL 5 DDR V1.0, NASA Planetary Data System, 2006.

R. J. List, Smithsonian meteorological tables, 1984.

J. A. Goff and S. Gratch, Low-pressure properties of water from ?160 to 212 F, Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, pp.25-164, 1946.

M. L. Clapp, D. R. Worsnop, and R. E. Miller, Frequency-dependent optical constants of water ice obtained directly from aerosol extinction spectra, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.99, issue.17, pp.6317-6326, 1995.

S. G. Warren and R. E. Brandt, Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: A revised compilation, D14220, vol.113, 2008.

M. J. Wolff, M. D. Smith, R. T. Clancy, R. Arvidson, M. Kahre et al., Wavelength dependence of dust aerosol single scattering albedo as observed by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.114, issue.6, 2009.

J. E. Hansen and L. D. Travis, Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Science Reviews, vol.16, pp.527-610, 1974.