, ADES: le portail national d'Accès aux Données sur les Eaux Souterraines pour la France métropolitaine et les départements d'outre-mer, ADES Database, p.22, 2019.

W. Aeschbach-hertig, F. Peeters, U. Beyerle, and R. Kipfer, Interpretation of dissolved atmospheric noble gases in natural waters, Water Resources Research, vol.35, pp.2779-2792, 1999.

D. J. Allen, L. J. Brewerton, L. M. Coleby, B. R. Gibbs, M. A. Lewis et al., The physical properties of major aquifers in, 1997.

S. J. Allshorn, S. H. Bottrell, L. J. West, and N. E. Odling, Rapid karstic bypass flow in the unsaturated zone of the Yorkshire chalk aquifer and implications for contaminant transport, Special Publications, vol.279, pp.111-122, 2007.

,

J. Allouc, J. ;. Le-roux, J. Le-roux, C. Monciardini, J. P. Ravaux et al., Carte géol. France (1/50 000) feuile Mourmelon-le-Grand (133), vol.65, 1995.

C. A. Appelo and D. Postma, Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, vol.678, 2004.

L. Aquilina, V. Ayraud, T. Labasque, and P. Le-corre, Dosage des composés chlorofluorocarbonés et du tétrachlorure de carbone dans les eaux souterraines. Application à la datation des eaux, vol.51, 2006.

L. Aquilina, B. Ladouche, N. Doerfliger, and M. Bakalowicz, Deep Water Circulation, Residence Time, and Chemistry in a Karst Complex, Groundwater, vol.41, pp.790-805, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00852407

L. Aquilina, A. Poszwa, C. Walter, V. Vergnaud, A. Pierson-wickmann et al., Long-Term Effects of High Nitrogen Loads on Cation and Carbon Riverine Export in Agricultural Catchments, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.46, pp.9447-9455, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00756561

V. Ayraud, L. Aquilina, T. Labasque, H. Pauwels, J. Molenat et al., Compartmentalization of physical and chemical properties in hard-rock aquifers deduced from chemical and groundwater age analyses, Applied Geochemistry, vol.23, pp.2686-2707, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00338893

M. Bakalowicz, De l'évolution historique du concept d'aquifère de la craie, Géologues, vol.199, pp.4-6, 2018.

N. Baran, M. Chabart, G. Braibant, F. Joublin, P. Pannet et al., Détermination de la vitèsse de transfert des nitrates en zone crayeuse sur 2 bassin versants à enjeux : La retourne (08) et la Superbe (51), vol.109, 2006.

N. Baran, M. Lepiller, and C. Mouvet, Influence of pesticide properties and hydrodynamic constraints, Journal of Hydrology, vol.358, pp.56-69, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00357009

S. Barhoum, Transferts dans la craie : approche régionale : le Nord-Ouest du Bassin de Paris : approche locale : la carrière de Saint-Martin-le-Noeud (phdthesis), vol.334, 2014.

S. Barhoum, D. Valdès, R. Guérin, C. Marlin, Q. Vitale et al., Spatial heterogeneity of high-resolution Chalk groundwater geochemistry -Underground quarry at Saint Martin-le-Noeud, Journal of Hydrology, vol.519, pp.756-768, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01056906

,

D. Barraclough, C. M. Gardner, S. R. Wellings, and J. D. Cooper, A tracer investigation into the importance of fissure flow in the unsaturated zone of the British Upper Chalk, Journal of Hydrology, vol.156, pp.90090-90096, 1994.

N. S. Bolan, D. C. Adriano, and D. Curtin, Soil acidification and liming interactions with nutrientand heavy metal transformationand bioavailability, Advances in Agronomy, Advances in Agronomy, pp.78006-78007, 2003.

S. Brouyère, Modelling the migration of contaminants through variably saturated dual-porosity, dual-permeability chalk, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.82, pp.195-219, 2006.

S. Brouyère, A. Dassargues, and V. Hallet, Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.72, pp.135-164, 2004.

E. Busenberg and L. N. Plummer, Dating young groundwater with sulfur hexafluoride: Natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur hexafluoride, Water Resources Research, vol.36, pp.3011-3030, 2000.

E. Busenberg and L. N. Plummer, Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as hydrologic tracers and age-dating tools: The alluvium and terrace system of central Oklahoma, Water Resources Research, vol.28, pp.2257-2283, 1992.

W. M. Edmunds, J. M. Cook, W. G. Darling, D. G. Kinniburgh, D. L. Miles et al., Baseline geochemical conditions in the Chalk aquifer, Applied Geochemistry, vol.2, pp.251-274, 1987.

S. El-janyani, J. Dupont, N. Massei, S. Slimani, and N. Dörfliger, Hydrological role of karst in the Chalk aquifer of Upper Normandy, France, Hydrogeol J, vol.22, pp.663-677, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174803

D. Etcheverry, Valorisation des méthodes isotopiques pour les questions pratiques liées aux eaux souterraines -Isotopes de l'oxygène et de l'hydrogène, p.71, 2002.

C. M. Fitzpatrick, The hydrogeology of bromate contamination in the Hertfordshire Chalk: double-porosity effects on catchment-scale evolution (Doctoral), p.371, 2011.

M. Gillon, P. Crançon, and J. Aupiais, Modelling the baseline geochemistry of groundwater in a Chalk aquifer considering solid solutions for carbonate phases, Applied Geochemistry, vol.25, pp.1564-1574, 2010.

D. C. Gooddy, W. G. Darling, C. Abesser, and D. J. Lapworth, Using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) to characterise groundwater movement and residence time in a lowland Chalk catchment, Journal of Hydrology, vol.330, pp.44-52, 2006.

V. Hakoun, P. Orban, A. Dassargues, and S. Brouyère, Factors controlling spatial and temporal patterns of multiple pesticide compounds in groundwater (Hesbaye chalk aquifer, Belgium), Environmental Pollution, vol.223, pp.185-199, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01685745

A. H. Haria, M. G. Hodnett, and A. C. Johnson, Mechanisms of groundwater recharge and pesticide penetration to a chalk aquifer in southern England, Journal of Hydrology, vol.275, pp.17-26, 2003.

J. Harnisch and A. Eisenhauer, Natural CF4 and SF6 on Earth, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.25, pp.2401-2404, 1998.

H. G. Headworth, T. Keating, and M. J. Packman, Evidence for a shallow highly-permeable zone in the Chalk of Hampshire, Journal of Hydrology, vol.55, issue.82, pp.90122-90128, 1982.

T. H. Heaton and J. C. Vogel, Excess air" in groundwater, Journal of Hydrology, vol.50, pp.90070-90076, 1981.

J. Ineson, A hydrogeological study of the permeability of the Chalk, Journal of the Institute of Water Engineers, pp.449-463, 1962.

A. M. Ireson and A. P. Butler, Controls on preferential recharge to Chalk aquifers, Journal of Hydrology, vol.398, pp.109-123, 2011.

A. M. Ireson, H. S. Wheater, A. P. Butler, S. A. Mathias, J. Finch et al., Hydrological processes in the Chalk unsaturated zone -Insights from an intensive field monitoring programme, Journal of Hydrology, vol.330, pp.29-43, 2006.

I. Jarvis, Geochemistry of phosphatic chalks and hardgrounds from the Santonian to early Campanian (Cretaceous) of northern France, Journal of the Geological Society, vol.137, pp.705-721, 1980.

J. Jaunat, F. Huneau, A. Dupuy, H. Celle-jeanton, V. Vergnaud-ayraud et al., Hydrochemical data and groundwater dating to infer differential flowpaths through weathered profiles of a fractured aquifer, Applied Geochemistry, vol.27, pp.2053-2067, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00740789

A. C. Johnson, T. J. Besien, C. L. Bhardwaj, A. Dixon, D. C. Gooddy et al., Penetration of herbicides to groundwater in an unconfined chalk aquifer following normal soil applications, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.53, issue.01, pp.139-144, 2001.

B. C. Jurgens, J. K. Böhlke, and S. M. Eberts, TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel® workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data, Geological Survey Techniques and Methods. Report 4-F3, vol.60, 2012.

B. G. Katz, W. S. Mcbride, A. G. Hunt, C. A. Crandall, P. A. Metz et al., Vulnerability of a Public Supply Well in a Karstic Aquifer to Contamination, Groundwater, vol.47, pp.438-452, 2009.

P. Kjeldsen and M. Christophersen, Composition of leachate from old landfills in Denmark, Waste Manag Res, vol.19, pp.249-256, 2001.

P. Kjeldsen and M. H. Jensen, Release of CFC-11 from disposal of polyurethane foam waste, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.35, pp.3055-3063, 2001.

W. Kloppmann, L. Dever, and W. M. Edmouds, Isotopic and geochemical investigations of Chalk groundwater of the Champagne region, France. Z. Dt. Geol. Ges, pp.143-152, 1994.

W. Kloppmann, L. Dever, and W. M. Edmunds, Residence time of Chalk groundwaters in the Paris Basin and the North German Basin: a geochemical approach, Applied Geochemistry, vol.13, pp.593-606, 1998.

S. Lallahem, Structure et modélisation hydrodynamique des eaux souterraines : application à l'aquifère crayeux de la bordure nord du Bassin de Paris (thesis), vol.219, 2002.

M. Laurain, H. Guérin, L. Barta, C. Monciardini, R. Durand et al., Carte géol. France (1/50 000) feuile Reims (132), Orléans : BRGM. Notice explicative par Laurain, vol.34, p.p, 1981.

L. J. Lee, D. S. Lawrence, M. ;. Price, and . Se-england, Analysis of water-level response to rainfall and implications for recharge pathways in the Chalk aquifer, Journal of Hydrology, vol.330, pp.604-620, 2006.

D. Linoir, Les horizons d'accumulations carbonatées (HAC) en, 2014.

, caractérisation et conséquences sur les transferts hydriques, vol.384

S. L. Longstaff, P. J. Aldous, L. Clark, R. J. Flavin, and J. Partington, Contamination of the Chalk Aquifer by Chlorinated Solvents: A Case Study of the Luton and Dunstable Area, Water and Environment Journal, vol.6, pp.541-550, 1992.

A. M. Macdonald, L. J. Brewerton, and D. J. Allen, Evidence for rapid groundwater flow and karsttype behaviour in the Chalk of southern England, Groundwater Pollution, Aquifer Recharge and Vulnerability, pp.95-106, 1998.

P. Ma?oszewski and A. Zuber, Determining the turnover time of groundwater systems with the aid of environmental tracers: 1. Models and their applicability, Journal of Hydrology, vol.57, pp.207-231, 1982.

A. Mangeret, L. De-windt, and P. Crançon, Reactive transport modelling of groundwater chemistry in a chalk aquifer at the watershed scale, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.138, pp.60-74, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00718622

S. A. Mathias, A. P. Butler, B. M. Jackson, and H. S. Wheater, Transient simulations of flow and transport in the Chalk unsaturated zone, Hydro-ecological functioning of the Pang and Lambourn catchments, vol.330, pp.10-28, 2006.

,

L. Maurice, Investigations of rapid groundwater flow and karst in the Chalk (Doctoral), vol.453, p.p, 2009.

R. L. Michel, Tritium hydrology of the Mississippi River basin, Hydrological Processes, vol.18, 2004.

J. Motyka, A conceptual model of hydraulic networks in carbonate rocks, Hydrogeology Journal, vol.6, pp.469-482, 1998.

,

L. N. Plummer, M. G. Rupert, E. Busenberg, and P. Schlosser, Age of Irrigation Water in Ground Water from the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer, South-Central Idaho, Groundwater, vol.38, pp.264-283, 2000.

P. Orban, S. Brouyère, J. Batlle-aguilar, J. Couturier, P. Goderniaux et al., Regional transport modelling for nitrate trend assessment and forecasting in a chalk aquifer, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.118, pp.79-93, 2010.

N. Busenberg, E. Böhlke, J. K. Nelms, D. L. Michel, R. L. Schlosser et al., A multi-tracer approach, Groundwater residence times in, vol.179, 2001.

M. Price, Fluid flow in the Chalk of England, Special Publications, vol.34, pp.141-156, 1987.

M. Price, R. A. Downing, and W. M. Edmunds, The Hydrogeology of the Chalk of North West Europe, pp.35-58, 1993.

M. Price, R. G. Low, and C. Mccann, Mechanisms of water storage and flow in the unsaturated zone of the Chalk aquifer, Journal of Hydrology, vol.233, issue.00, pp.222-227, 2000.

J. Richard, J. Sizun, and L. Machhour, Environmental and diagenetic records from a new reference section for the Boreal realm: the Campanian chalk of the Mons basin (Belgium), Sedimentary Geology, vol.178, pp.99-111, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00480317

S. Rogers, C. Enachescu, R. Trice, and K. Buer, Integrating discrete fracture network models and pressure transient data for testing conceptual fracture models of the Valhall chalk reservoir, Special Publications, vol.270, pp.193-204, 2007.

J. Roux, Historique de l'hydrogéologie de la Craie en France, Géologues, vol.199, pp.7-10, 2018.

E. Rouxel-david, D. Batkowski, V. Baudouin, G. Cordonnier, J. Cubizolles et al., , p.29, 2002.

E. Rouxel-david, G. Cordonnier, and S. Dachy, Synthèse des études menées sur le bassin versant du champ captant de Couraux (Marne, Rapport BRGM/RP-51739-FR, p.97, 2002.

N. Santella, D. T. Ho, P. Schlosser, and M. Stute, Widespread elevated atmospheric SF6 mixing ratios in the Northeastern United States: Implications for groundwater dating, Journal of Hydrology, vol.349, pp.139-146, 2008.

S. Santoni, F. Huneau, E. Garel, V. Vergnaud-ayraud, T. Labasque et al., Residence time, mineralization processes and groundwater origin within a carbonate coastal aquifer with a thick unsaturated zone, Journal of Hydrology, vol.540, pp.50-63, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01328624

D. B. Smith, P. L. Wearn, H. J. Richards, and P. C. Rowe, Water Movement in the Unsaturated Zone of High and Low Permeability Strata by Measuring Natural Tritium. Isotope Hydrology, Proceedings of a Symposium on Use of Isotopes in Hydrology, pp.73-86, 1970.

M. E. Stuart and P. L. Smedley, Baseline groundwater chemistry : the Chalk aquifer of Hampshire, British Geological Survey, vol.61, 2009.

A. Suckow, The age of groundwater -Definitions, models and why we do not need this term, Applied Geochemistry, vol.50, pp.222-230, 2014.

P. Vachier, P. Cambier, and J. C. Prost, Mouvements de l'eau dans la zone non sature´e et alimentation de la nappe de la craie de champagne (France), Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, Vienna, IAEA Conference, pp.367-379, 1987.

D. Valdes, J. Dupont, B. Laignel, S. Slimani, and C. Delbart, Infiltration processes in karstic chalk investigated through a spatial analysis of the geochemical properties of the groundwater: The effect of the superficial layer of clay-with-flints, Journal of Hydrology, vol.519, pp.23-33, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01024778

G. F. Van-den-daele, J. A. Barker, L. D. Connell, T. C. Atkinson, W. G. Darling et al., Unsaturated flow and solute transport through the Chalk: Tracer test and dual permeability modelling, Journal of Hydrology, vol.342, pp.157-172, 2007.

,

V. Vergnaud-ayraud, L. Aquilina, H. Pauwels, and T. Labasque, La datation des eaux souterraines par analyse des CFC : un outil de gestion durable de la ressource en eau, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00373718

Y. Vernhet, Carte geologique harmonisée du département de la Marne (No. RP-55732-FR), 2007.

B. Vittecoq, L. Gourcy, and N. Baran, Datation des eaux souterraines de Martinique par l'analyse conjointe des CFC, SF6 et tritium et relation avec les concentrations en nitrates et produits phytosanitaires (No. RP-55844-FR). BRGM, vol.57, p.p, 2007.

S. R. Wellings, Recharge of the Upper Chalk aquifer at a site in Hampshire, England: 2. Solute movement, Journal of Hydrology, vol.69, pp.90167-90174, 1984.

S. R. Wellings and J. P. Bell, Movement of water and nitrate in the unsaturated zone of Upper Chalk near Winchester, Journal of Hydrology, vol.48, pp.119-136, 1980.

E. J. Whitehead and A. R. Lawrence, The chalk aquifer system of Lincolnshire (No. RR/06/03), British Geological Survey, vol.74, 2006.

S. R. Worthington, A comprehensive strategy for understanding flow in carbonate aquifer, Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers, vol.1, pp.1-8, 2003.

C. Feifei, Writing -Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Fund acquisition Virginie VERGNAUD-AYRAUD: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Resources Nicolas DEVAU: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing -Review & Editing, Visualization Thierry LABASQUE Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing -Original Draft, Writing -Review & Editing, Visualization Jessy JAUNAT: Conceptualization, Validation, Investigation, Resources

, Formal analysis, Resources Alexandra GUILLANEUF: Investigation, Resources Julien HUBERT: Investigation, Resources Luc AQUILINA: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing -Review & Editing Patrick OLLIVIER: Conceptualization, Validation, Resources, Writing -Review & Editing, Supervision