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ORCHIDEE-PEAT (revision 4596), a model for northern peatland CO$_2$ water, and energy fluxes on daily to annual scales

Chunjing Qiu 1 Dan Zhu 1 Philippe Ciais 1 Bertrand Guenet 1 Gerhard Krinner 2 Shushi Peng 3 Mika Aurela 4 Christian Bernhofer 5 Christian Brümmer 6 Syndonia Bret-Harte 7 Housen Chu 8 Jiquan Chen 9 Ankur Desai 10 Jiří Dušek 11 Eugénie Euskirchen 7 Krzysztof Fortuniak 12 Lawrence Flanagan 13 Thomas Friborg 14 Mateusz Grygoruk 15 Sébastien Gogo 16, 17 Thomas Grünwald 18 Birger Hansen 14 David Holl 19 Elyn Humphreys 20 Miriam Hurkuck 20 Gerard Kiely 21 Janina Klatt 22 Lars Kutzbach 19 Chloé Largeron 1 Fatima Laggoun-Défarge 16, 17 Magnus Lund 23 Peter Lafleur 24 Xuefei Li 25 Ivan Mammarella 25 Lutz Merbold 26 Mats Nilsson 27 Janusz Olejnik 28, 11 Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius 27 Walter Oechel Frans-Jan Parmentier Matthias Peichl 27 Norbert Pirk Olli Peltola 25 Włodzimierz Pawlak Daniel Rasse Janne Rinne Gaius Shaver Hans Schmid 29 Matteo Sottocornola Rainer Steinbrecher Torsten Sachs 30 Marek Urbaniak 28 Donatella Zona Klaudia Ziemblinska 28
1 LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
2 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
3 Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences
4 Climate and Global Change Research [Helsinki]
5 Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden]
6 Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture
7 Institute of Arctic Biology
8 ESPM - Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley]
9 Center for Global Change and Earth Observations
10 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Madison]
11 Department of Matters and Energy Fluxes
12 Department of Meteorology and Climatology [Łódz ́]
13 University of Lethbridge
14 IGN - Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen]
15 SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences
16 ISTO - Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327
17 Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327
ISTO - Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 : UMR7327
18 TUD - Technische Universität Dresden
19 university of Hambourg
20 Carleton University
21 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Cork]
22 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
23 Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Center
24 School of the Environment – Geography
25 Department of Physics [Helsinki]
26 Institute of Agricultural Sciences
27 Department of Forest Ecology and Management
28 Department of Meteorology
29 IMK-IFU - Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung
30 GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam
Abstract : Peatlands store substantial amounts of carbon and are vulnerable to climate change. We present a modified version of the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model for simulating the hydrology, surface energy, and CO$_2$ fluxes of peatlands on daily to annual timescales. The model includes a separate soil tile in each 0.5° grid cell, defined from a global peatland map and identified with peat-specific soil hydraulic properties. Runoff from non-peat vegetation within a grid cell containing a fraction of peat is routed to this peat soil tile, which maintains shallow water tables. The water table position separates oxic from anoxic decomposition. The model was evaluated against eddy-covariance (EC) observations from 30 northern peatland sites, with the maximum rate of car-boxylation (V$_{cmax}$) being optimized at each site. Regarding short-term day-today variations, the model performance was good for gross primary production (GPP) ($r^2$ = 0.76; Nash– Sutcliffe modeling efficiency, MEF = 0.76) and ecosystem respiration (ER, $r^2$ = 0.78, MEF = 0.75), with lesser accuracy for latent heat fluxes (LE, $r^2$ = 0.42, MEF = 0.14) and and net ecosystem CO$_2$ exchange (NEE, $r^2$ = 0.38, MEF = 0.26). Seasonal variations in GPP, ER, NEE, and energy fluxes on monthly scales showed moderate to high $r^2$ values (0.57–0.86). For spatial across-site gradients of annual mean GPP, ER, NEE, and LE, $r^2$ values of 0.93, 0.89, 0.27, and 0.71 were achieved, respectively. Water table (WT) variation was not well predicted ($r^2$ < 0.1), likely due to the uncertain water input to the peat from surrounding areas. However , the poor performance of WT simulation did not greatly affect predictions of ER and NEE. We found a significant relationship between optimized V$_{cmax}$ and latitude (temperature), which better reflects the spatial gradients of annual NEE than using an average V$_{cmax}$ value.
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Chunjing Qiu, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Gerhard Krinner, et al.. ORCHIDEE-PEAT (revision 4596), a model for northern peatland CO$_2$ water, and energy fluxes on daily to annual scales. Geoscientific Model Development, European Geosciences Union, 2018, 11, pp.497 - 519. ⟨10.5194/gmd-11-497-2018⟩. ⟨insu-01719357⟩

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