M. Biasutti, A. Sobel, and S. Camargo, The Role of the Sahara Low in Summertime Sahel Rainfall Variability and Change in the CMIP3 Models, Journal of Climate, vol.22, issue.21, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/2009JCLI2969.1

R. Huene and . Kahn, Spectral surface albedo over Marocco and its impact on radiative forcing of Saharan dust, pp.352-369, 2009.

T. Carlson and S. Benjamin, Radiative Heating Rates for Saharan Dust, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.37, issue.1, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0193:RHRFSD>2.0.CO;2
URL : http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469%281980%29037%3C0193%3ARHRFSD%3E2.0.CO%3B2

T. Chen, Maintenance of Summer Monsoon Circulations: A Planetary-Scale Perspective, Journal of Climate, vol.16, issue.12, pp.2022-2036, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2022:MOSMCA>2.0.CO;2

T. Chen, Maintenance of the Midtropospheric North African Summer Circulation: Saharan High and African Easterly Jet, Journal of Climate, vol.18, issue.15, pp.2843-2962, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3446.1

F. Chauvin, R. Roehrig, and J. Lafore, Intraseasonal Variability of the Saharan Heat Low and Its Link with Midlatitudes, Journal of Climate, vol.23, issue.10, p.25442561, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2010JCLI3093.1

K. Cook, Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation, Journal of Climate, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1165-1184, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1165:GOTAEJ>2.0.CO;2

K. Cook, Role of inertial instability in the West African monsoon jump, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.199, issue.19, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/2014JD022043

J. Dunion and J. Marron, A Reexamination of the Jordan Mean Tropical Sounding Based on Awareness of the Saharan Air Layer: Results from 2002, Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.20, pp.5242-5253, 2008.
DOI : 10.1175/2008JCLI1868.1

S. Engelstaedter, I. Tegen, and R. Washington, North African dust emissions and transport, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.79, issue.1-2, p.73100, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.004

A. Evan and S. Murkhopadhyay, African Dust over the Northern Tropical Atlantic: 1955???2008, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.49, issue.11, pp.2213-2229, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2010JAMC2485.1

A. Evan, C. Flamant, C. Lavaysse, C. Kocha, and A. Saci, Water VaporForced Greenhouse Warming over the Sahara Desert and the Recent Recovery from the Sahelian Drought, J. Clim, vol.28, p.108123, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01112972

A. Evan, C. Flamant, C. Lavaysse, F. Gaetani, and . Guichard, The past, present and future of African dust, Nature, vol.33, issue.7595, p.493497, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-009-0553-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01295141

M. Gaetani, B. Fontaine, P. Roucou, and M. Baldi, Influence of the Mediterranean Sea on the West African monsoon: Intraseasonal variability in numerical simulations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.16, issue.21, pp.2411510-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2769.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00552946

A. Gill, Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.100, issue.449, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0518:ROTTAT>2.3.CO;2

A. Gill and P. Phlips, Nonlinear effects on heat-induced circulation of the tropical atmosphere, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.100, issue.471, pp.69-91, 1986.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0518:ROTTAT>2.3.CO;2

G. Gu, R. Adler, G. Huffman, and S. Curtis, African easterly waves and their association with precipitation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.56, issue.D4, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0374:CCEWAO>2.0.CO;2
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003JD003967/pdf

W. Heckley and A. Gill, Some simple analytical solutions to the problem of forced equatorial long waves, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.39, issue.463, pp.203-217, 1984.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0518:ROTTAT>2.3.CO;2

C. Lama??trelama??tre, C. Flamant, J. Raul, . Chazet, J. Formenti et al., Radiative heating rate profiles associated with a springtime Bodele and Sudan dust transport over West Africa, J. Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.8131-8150, 2010.

C. Landsea and W. Gray, The Strong Association between Western Sahelian Monsoon Rainfall and Intense Atlantic Hurricanes, Journal of Climate, vol.5, issue.5, pp.435-453, 1992.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0435:TSABWS>2.0.CO;2

C. Lavaysse, C. Flamant, S. Janicot, D. Parker, J. Lafore et al., Seasonal evolution of the West African heat low: a climatological perspective, Climate Dynamics, vol.11, issue.555, pp.313330-313340, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.2078
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00383908

C. Lavaysse, C. Flamant, S. Janicot, and K. P. , Links between African easterly waves, midlatitude circulation and intraseasonal pulsations of the West African heat low, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.132, issue.s1, p.141158
DOI : 10.1002/qj.555
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00450863

C. Lavaysse, C. Flamant, and J. S. , Regional-scale convection patterns during strong and weak phases of the Saharan heat low, Atmospheric Science Letters, vol.79, issue.555, p.255264
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712555313
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00554966

C. Lavaysse, J. Chaboureau, and C. Flamant, Dust impact on the West African heat low in summertime, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.108, issue.658, p.12271240, 2011.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002775
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00599914

C. Lavaysse, C. Flamant, A. Evan, S. Janicot, and M. Gaetani, Recent climatological trend of the Saharan heat low and its impact on the West African climate, Climate Dynamics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.382-397, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-008-0487-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01208169

T. Matsuno, Quasi-Geostrophic Motions in the Equatorial Area, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, vol.44, issue.1, p.2543, 1966.
DOI : 10.2151/jmsj1965.44.1_25

J. Neelin, On the Intepretation of the Gill Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.46, issue.15, pp.2466-2468, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2466:OTIOTG>2.0.CO;2

P. Peyrillé and J. Lafore, An Idealized Two-Dimensional Framework to Study the West African Monsoon. Part II: Large-Scale Advection and the Diurnal Cycle, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.64, issue.8, p.27832803, 2007.
DOI : 10.1175/JAS4052.1

P. Phlips and A. Gill, An analytic model of the heat-induced tropical circulation in the presence of a mean wind, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.100, issue.475, pp.213-236, 1987.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1971)099<0511:AMFZWI>2.3.CO;2

C. Price, N. Reicher, and Y. Yair, Do West African thunderstorms predict the intensity of Atlantic hurricanes?, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.13, issue.2, pp.2457246310-1002, 2015.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1286:SDOMCS>2.0.CO;2

J. Prospero, . Ginoux, S. Torres, and . Nicholson, Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.103, issue.2, p.1002, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD02345

M. Rodwell and B. Hoskins, Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.9, issue.534, pp.1385-1404, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02677081

M. Rodwell and B. Hoskins, Subtropical Anticyclones and Summer Monsoons, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.15, pp.3192-3211, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3192:SAASM>2.0.CO;2

W. Schubert, P. Ciesielski, D. Stevens, and H. Kuo, Potential vorticity modelling of the ITCZ and the Hadley circulation, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.37, pp.1493-1500, 1991.

C. Skinner and N. Diffenbaugh, The contribution of African easterly waves to monsoon precipitation in the CMIP3 ensemble, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.33, issue.3, p.35903609, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2006GL026267

J. Spinks, Y. Lin, and A. Mekonnen, Effects of the subtropical anticyclones over North Africa and Arabian Peninsula on the African easterly jet, International Journal of Climatology, vol.22, issue.608, pp.733745-733755, 2015.
DOI : 10.1175/2009JCLI2584.1

J. Spinks and Y. Lin, Variability of the subtropical highs, African easterly jet and easterly wave intensities over North Africa and Arabian Peninsula in late summer, International Journal of Climatology, vol.22, issue.12, pp.35403555-35403565, 2015.
DOI : 10.1175/2009JCLI2584.1

B. Stevens, J. Duan, J. Mcwilliams, M. Mnnich, and J. Neelin, Entrainment, Rayleigh Friction, and Boundary Layer Winds over the Tropical Pacific, Journal of Climate, vol.15, issue.1, pp.30-44, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0030:ERFABL>2.0.CO;2

C. Thorncroft and M. Blackburn, Maintenance of the African easterly jet, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.30, issue.555, p.763786, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/GM052p0079

C. Thorncroft and K. Hodges, African Easterly Wave Variability and Its Relationship to Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.6, p.11661179, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1166:AEWVAI>2.0.CO;2

C. Thorncroft and B. Hoskins, An idealized study of African easterly waves. I: A linear view, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.103, issue.518, pp.953-982, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49710343503

C. Thorncroft and B. Hoskins, An idealized study of African easterly waves. Part II, a nonlinear view, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, vol.120, pp.1589-1614, 1994.

L. Uccellini and J. Kocin, The Interaction of Jet Streak Circulations during Heavy Snow Events along the East Coast of the United States, Weather and Forecasting, pp.289-308, 1987.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0434(1987)002<0289:TIOJSC>2.0.CO;2

G. Vallis, Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/9781107588417

E. Vizy and K. Cook, A mechanism for African monsoon breaks: Mediterranean cold air surges, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.132, issue.D1, pp.11910-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JD010654

W. Wang, A. Evan, C. Flamant, and C. Lavaysse, On the decadal scale correlation between African dust and Sahel rainfall: The role of Saharan heat low-forced winds, Science Advances, vol.1, issue.9, p.1500646, 2015.
DOI : 10.1126/sciadv.1500646
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01246623

M. Wu, O. Reale, S. Schubert, M. Suarez, R. Koster et al., African Easterly Jet: Structure and Maintenance, Journal of Climate, vol.22, issue.17, p.44594480, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/2009JCLI2584.1
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090026605

M. Wu, O. Reale, S. Schubert, M. Suarez, and C. Thorncroft, African Easterly Jet: Barotropic Instability, Waves, and Cyclogenesis, Journal of Climate, vol.25, issue.5, p.14891510, 2012.
DOI : 10.1175/2011JCLI4241.1

M. Yoshioka, N. Mahowald, A. Conley, W. Collins, D. Fillmore et al., Impact of Desert Dust Radiative Forcing on Sahel Precipitation: Relative Importance of Dust Compared to Sea Surface Temperature Variations, Vegetation Changes, and Greenhouse Gas Warming, Journal of Climate, vol.20, issue.8, 2007.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI4056.1

C. Zhang and T. Krishanamurti, A Generalization of Gill's Heat-Induced Tropical Circulation, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.53, issue.7, pp.1045-52, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1045:AGOGHI>2.0.CO;2

C. Zhang, C. Nolan, H. Thorncroft, and . Nguyen, Shallow Meridional Circulations in the Tropical Atmosphere, Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.14, pp.3453-70, 2008.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JCLI1870.1