A. P. Annan, D. , and J. L. , Impulse radar sounding in permafrost, Radio Science, vol.265, issue.4, pp.383-394, 1976.
DOI : 10.1139/e74-010

S. A. Arcone, D. E. Lawson, A. J. Delaney, and J. C. Strasser, Ground???penetratinng radar reflection profiling of groundwater and bedrock in an area of discontinuous permafrost, GEOPHYSICS, vol.63, issue.5, pp.1573-1584, 1998.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1444454

R. E. Arvidson, S. W. Squyres, J. F. Bell, J. G. Catalano, B. C. Clark et al., Ancient Aqueous Environments at Endeavour Crater, Mars, Science, vol.111, issue.12, p.1248097, 2014.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JE002076
URL : https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12330889/3272899.pdf?sequence=1

W. S. Benedix, D. Plettemeier, A. Zanoni, F. Preller, C. et al., Advance of WISDOM GPR antenna for ExoMars 2018 mission, IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments, pp.1-3, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/WiSEE.2013.6737553
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00908460

J. P. Berenger, A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.114, issue.2, pp.185-200, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/jcph.1994.1159

G. W. Brass, Stability of brines on Mars, Icarus, vol.42, issue.1, pp.20-28, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90237-7

J. Bridge, Advances in Fluvial Sedimentology using GPR, Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications, pp.323-359, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.00011-9

B. A. Campbell, L. M. Carter, R. J. Phillips, J. Plaut, N. Putzig et al., SHARAD radar sounding of the Vastitas Borealis Formation in Amazonis Planitia, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.318, issue.E12, p.12010, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JE003177

J. Carter, C. Quantin, P. Thollot, D. Loizeau, A. Ody et al., Oxia Planum: A clay-laden landing site proposed for the ExoMars rover mission: aqueous mineralogy and alteration scenarios, 2016.

V. Ciarletti, C. Corbel, D. Plettemeier, P. Cais, S. M. Clifford et al., WISDOM GPR Designed for Shallow and High-Resolution Sounding of the Martian Subsurface, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.99, issue.5, pp.824-836, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2100790
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00566259

V. Ciarletti, H. Hervé, S. Dorizon, L. Gall, A. Quantin et al., Modelling the performances of the WISDOM radar on the Oxia Planum potential landing site for ExoMars, EPSC Abstracts, vol.10, pp.2015-574, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01211292

B. C. Clark, V. Hart, and D. C. , The salts of Mars, Icarus, vol.45, issue.2, pp.370-378, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(81)90041-5

A. J. Coates, R. Jaumann, A. D. Griffiths, C. E. Leff, N. Schmitz et al., The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover, .R., and the PanCam Team. (2017) The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover, pp.511-541
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2016.1548

J. C. Cook, RADAR TRANSPARENCIES OF MINE AND TUNNEL ROCKS, GEOPHYSICS, vol.40, issue.5, pp.865-885, 1975.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440573

R. A. Craddock, A. D. Howard, R. P. Irwin, . Iii, S. Tooth et al., Drainage network development in the Keanak ako'i tephra, K ?lauea Volcano, Hawai'i: implications for fluvial erosion and valley network formation on early Mars, J Geophys. Res, vol.117, p.8009, 2012.

D. Sanctis, M. C. Altieri, F. Ammannito, E. Biondi, D. De-angelis et al., Ma_MISS on ExoMars: Mineralogical Characterization of the Martian Subsurface, L., and the Ma_MISS Team. (2017) Ma_MISS on ExoMars: mineralogical characterization of the martian subsurface, pp.612-620
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2016.1541

S. Dorizon, V. Ciarletti, D. Plettermeier, and W. Benedix, Performance validation of the ExoMars 2018 WISDOM GPR in ice caves, Austria, Planetary and Space Science, vol.120, pp.1-14, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2015.10.008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01227813

M. R. El-maarry, W. Watters, N. K. Mckeown, J. Carter, N. Dobrea et al., Potential desiccation cracks on Mars: A synthesis from modeling, analogue-field studies, and global observations, Icarus, vol.241, pp.248-268, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.033

A. Elshafie and E. Heggy, Dielectric and hardness measurements of planetary analog rocks in support of in-situ subsurface sampling, Planetary and Space Science, vol.86, pp.150-154, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2013.02.003

P. A. Ferré and G. C. Topp, Time-domain Reflectometry Techniques for Soil Water Content and Electrical Conductivity Measurements, Sensors Update, vol.7, issue.1, pp.277-300, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1616-8984(200001)7:1<277::AID-SEUP277>3.0.CO;2-M

C. Freissinet, D. P. Glavin, P. R. Mahaffy, K. E. Miller, J. L. Eigenbrode et al., Organic molecules in the sheepbed mudstone, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01218165

J. A. Grant, R. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, N. A. Cabrol, M. H. Carr et al., Surficial Deposits at Gusev Crater Along Spirit Rover Traverses, Science, vol.305, issue.5685, pp.807-810, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1099849

R. E. Grimm, K. P. Harrison, and D. E. Stillman, Water budgets of martian recurring slope lineae, Icarus, vol.233, pp.316-327, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.013

R. E. Grimm, E. Heggy, S. Clifford, C. Dinwiddie, R. Mcginnis et al., Absorption and scattering in ground-penetrating radar: Analysis of the Bishop Tuff, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, issue.E2, p.6, 1029.
DOI : 10.1190/1.9781560801580

J. P. Grotzinger, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, W. Calvin, B. C. Clark et al., Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Earth Planet Sci Lett, vol.240, pp.1-72, 2005.

J. P. Grotzinger, D. Y. Sumner, L. C. Kah, K. Stack, S. Gupta et al., A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars, Science, vol.170, issue.5907, p.1242777, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s11214-012-9898-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01293840

J. P. Grotzinger, S. Gupta, M. C. Malin, D. M. Rubin, J. Schieber et al., Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars, (2015) Deposition, exhumation , and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars, p.7575
DOI : 10.1029/97JE01084

S. Gunes-lasnet, A. Kisidi, M. Van-winnendael, J. Josset, V. Ciarletti et al., SAFER: the promising results of the Mars mission simulation campaign in Atacama, Chile, I-SAIRAS 2014: 12th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space, pp.17-19, 2014.

A. Hamadi, Analyse et prédiction comportementales du radar GPR polarimétrique de la mission spatiale EXOMARS, 2010.

K. G. Havholm, N. D. Bergstrom, H. M. Jol, and G. L. Running, GPR survey of a Holocene aeolian/fluvial/lacustrine succession, Lauder Sandhills, Manitoba, Canada, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol.211, issue.1, pp.47-54, 2003.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.211.01.04

M. H. Hecht, S. P. Kounaves, R. C. Quinn, S. J. West, S. M. Young et al., Detection of perchlorate and the soluble chemistry of martian soil at the phoenix lander site, Science, vol.325, pp.64-67, 2009.

E. Heggy, S. M. Clifford, R. E. Grimm, C. L. Dinwiddie, D. Y. Wyrick et al., Ground-penetrating radar sounding in mafic lava flows: assessing attenuation and scattering losses in Mars-analog volcanic terrains, J Geophys Res, vol.111, p.10, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2005je002589

E. Heggy, S. M. Clifford, R. E. Grimm, C. L. Dinwiddie, J. A. Stamatakos et al., Low-frequency radar sounding investigations of the North Amargosa Desert, Nevada: A potential analog of conductive subsurface environments on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.1, pp.6-9, 1029.
DOI : 10.1002/9781119134640

E. Heggy, P. Paillou, F. Costard, N. Mangold, G. Ruffie et al., Local geoelectrical models of the Martian subsurface for shallow groundwater detection using sounding radars, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.97, issue.3, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JE001871

E. Heggy, P. Paillou, G. Ruffié, J. M. Malezieux, F. Costard et al., On Water Detection in the Martian Subsurface Using Sounding Radar, Icarus, vol.154, issue.2, pp.244-257, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2001.6717

K. M. Hinkel, J. A. Doolittle, J. G. Bockheim, F. E. Nelson, R. Paetzold et al., Detection of subsurface permafrost features with ground-penetrating radar, Barrow, Alaska, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, vol.14, issue.2, pp.179-190, 2001.
DOI : 10.1139/e77-060

H. M. Jol and D. G. Smith, Ground penetrating radar of northern lacustrine deltas, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1939-1947, 1991.
DOI : 10.1139/e91-175

L. Joudrier, M. Malinowski, X. Rave, D. Barnes, G. Paar et al., ESTEC-CNES Rover Remote Experiment#2 with PANCAM, WISDOM and CLUPI, International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space, i-SAIRAS 2012, 2012.

U. Kaatze, Measuring the dielectric properties of materials. Ninety-year development from low-frequency techniques to broadband spectroscopy and high-frequency imaging, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.24, issue.1, p.12005, 2013.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012005

K. C. Kao, Dielectric Phenomena in Solids, 2004.

L. P. Knauth and D. M. Burt, Eutectic Brines on Mars: Origin and Possible Relation to Young Seepage Features, Icarus, vol.158, issue.1, pp.267-271, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2002.6866

K. M. Knoph, Ground-penetrating radar imaging of depositional and diagenetic features in an Upper Miocene carbonate reservoir analog, SE Spain, 2011.

L. Gall, A. Clifford, S. M. Heggy, E. Ciarletti, V. Mukherjee et al., Electromagnetic investigations of a deep water table in the West Egyptian desert: lithologic and geothermal vapor effects on crustal resistivity and GPR performance, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00159366

C. Leuschen, Analysis of the complex permittivity and permeability of a Martian soil simulant from 10 MHz to 1 GHz, IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293), pp.2264-2266, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.1999.775096

Y. Lu, C. Statz, S. Hegler, W. Benedix, V. Ciarletti et al., Multiple compressive projection measurement for stepped frequency radar, 2nd International Workshop on Compressed Sensing Applied to Radar, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00908450

E. Mattei, S. E. Lauro, G. Vannaroni, B. Cosciotti, F. Bella et al., Dielectric measurements and radar attenuation estimation of ice/basalt sand mixtures as martian Polar Caps analogues, Icarus, vol.229, pp.428-433, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.10.017

G. M. Martinez, R. , and N. O. , Water and Brines on Mars: Current Evidence and Implications for MSL, Space Science Reviews, vol.36, issue.20, pp.29-51, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2009GL040315

A. S. Mcewen, C. M. Dundas, S. S. Mattson, A. D. Toigo, L. Ojha et al., Recurring slope lineae in equatorial regions of Mars, Nature Geoscience, vol.106, issue.1, pp.53-58, 2014.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JE001370

A. S. Mcewen, L. Ojha, C. M. Dundas, S. S. Mattson, S. Byrne et al., Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes, Science, vol.297, issue.5578, pp.740-743, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1073722

I. G. Mitrofanov, M. L. Litvak, S. Y. Nikiforov, I. Jun, Y. I. Bobrovnitsky et al., The ADRON-RM Instrument Onboard the ExoMars Rover, Tret'yakov, V.I., and Vostrukhin, A.A. (2017) The ADRON-RM instrument onboard the ExoMars Rover, pp.585-594
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2016.1566

G. A. Morgan, B. A. Campbell, L. M. Carter, J. J. Plaut, and R. J. Phillips, 3D Reconstruction of the Source and Scale of Buried Young Flood Channels on Mars, Science, vol.8, issue.3-4, pp.607-610, 2013.
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2011.2143692

R. V. Morris, S. W. Ruff, R. Gellert, D. W. Ming, R. E. Arvidson et al., Identification of Carbonate-Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover, Science, vol.139, issue.3-4, pp.421-424, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90095-3

L. Ojha, M. B. Wilhelm, S. L. Murchie, A. S. Mcewen, J. J. Wray et al., Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars, Nature Geoscience, vol.96, issue.11, pp.829-832, 2015.
DOI : 10.1029/91JB01714

G. Paar, G. Hesina, C. Traxler, V. Ciarletti, D. Plettemeier et al., Embedding sensor visualization in Martian terrain reconstructions, Proceedings of ASTRA 2015, 2015.

E. Pettinelli, G. Vannaroni, A. Cereti, F. Paolucci, D. Monica et al., ???soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.25, issue.16, pp.8029-8040, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/95JE01027

E. Pettinelli, G. Vannaroni, A. R. Pisani, F. Paolucci, A. Cereti et al., Laboratory investigations into the electromagnetic properties of magnetite/silica mixtures as Martian soil simulants, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, issue.2, p.4013, 2005.
DOI : 10.1049/PBEW047E

D. Plettemeier, V. Ciarletti, S. Hamran, C. Corbel, P. Cais et al., Full polarimetric GPR antenna system aboard the ExoMars rover, 2009 IEEE Radar Conference, pp.642-647, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977120
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00439012

C. Quantin, J. Carter, P. Thollot, J. Broyer, J. Davis et al., Oxia Planum?The Landing Site for Exo- Mars, 2016.

J. A. Rathbun and S. W. Squyres, Hydrothermal Systems Associated with Martian Impact Craters, Icarus, vol.157, issue.2, pp.362-372, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2002.6838

P. S. Russell, J. A. Grant, K. K. Williams, L. M. Carter, B. Garry et al., Ground penetrating radar geologic field studies of the ejecta of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona, as a planetary analog, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.52, issue.B1, pp.915-1933, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JE001957

S. P. Schwenzer and D. A. Kring, Impact-generated hydrothermal systems capable of forming phyllosilicates on Noachian Mars, Geology, vol.37, issue.12, pp.1091-1094, 2009.
DOI : 10.1130/G30340A.1

L. C. Shen and R. W. King, The cylindrical antenna with nonreflecting resistive loading, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.13, issue.6, p.998, 1965.
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.1965.1138565

S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, F. Calef, B. C. Clark et al., Ancient Impact and Aqueous Processes at Endeavour Crater, Mars, Science, vol.35, issue.1, pp.570-576, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01977.x
URL : https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10735581/Knoll_AncientImpact.pdf?sequence=1

S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, S. Ruff, R. Gellert, R. V. Morris et al., Detection of Silica-Rich Deposits on Mars, Science, vol.112, issue.4, pp.1063-1067, 2008.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.1993.1011

D. E. Stillman and R. E. Grimm, Radar penetrates only the youngest geological units on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.205, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.003

D. E. Stillman and G. R. Olhoeft, GPR and magnetic minerals at Mars temperatures, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, pp.735-738, 2004.

D. E. Stillman and G. R. Olhoeft, Electromagnetic properties of Martian analog minerals at radar frequencies and Martian temperatures. Lunar Planet Sci XXXVII:abstract no, 2002.

D. E. Stillman, T. I. Michaels, R. E. Grimm, H. , and K. P. , New observations of martian southern mid-latitude recurring slope lineae (RSL) imply formation by freshwater subsurface flows, Icarus, vol.233, pp.328-341, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.017

A. Tzanis, MatGPR: a freeware MATLAB package for the analysis of common-offset GPR data, Geophys Res Abstracts, vol.8, p.9488, 2006.

A. Tzanis, MatGPR Release 2: a freeware MATLAB Ò package for the analysis & interpretation of common and single offset GPR data, FastTimes, vol.15, pp.17-43, 2010.

J. L. Vago and F. Westall, Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover, Astrobiology, vol.17, issue.6-7, pp.471-510
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2016.1533

D. T. Vaniman, D. L. Bish, D. W. Ming, T. F. Bristow, R. V. Morris et al., Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars, Science, vol.116, issue.2, p.1243480, 2014.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JC001667
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01303672

J. P. Veefkind, I. Aben, K. Mcmullan, H. Förster, J. De-vries et al., TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: A GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications, TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: a GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications, pp.70-83, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.027

D. E. Wilkins, C. , and W. P. , Paleolake shoreline sequencing using ground penetrating radar: Lake Alvord, Oregon, and Nevada, Geol Soc Am Spec Pap, vol.432, pp.103-110, 2007.
DOI : 10.1130/2007.2432(08)

T. T. Wu and R. W. King, The cylindrical antenna with nonreflecting resistive loading, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.13, issue.3, pp.369-373, 1965.
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.1965.1138429

K. S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media, IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat, vol.14, pp.302-307, 1966.

K. Yoshikawa, V. Romanovsky, N. Duxbury, J. Brown, and A. Tsapin, The use of geophysical methods to discriminate between brine layers and freshwater taliks in permafrost regions, J Glaciol Geocryol, vol.26, pp.301-309, 2004.

H. Zhang, W. Benedix, D. Plettemeier, C. , and V. , Radar subsurface imaging by phase shift migration algorithm. European Microwave Week 2013, <hal-00908451> Address correspondence to: Valérie Ciarletti LATMOS, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00908451

A. J. Coates, R. Jaumann, A. D. Griffiths, C. E. Leff, N. Schmitz et al., The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover, Astrobiology, vol.17, issue.6-7, pp.6-7, 2017.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2016.1548
URL : http://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1548