P. T. Smiseth, M. Kölliker, N. J. Royle, N. J. Royle, and P. Smiseth, What is parental care? In The Evolution of Parental Care, pp.1-17, 2012.

J. W. Wong, J. Meunier, and M. Kölliker, The evolution of parental care in insects: the roles of ecology, life history and the social environment, Ecological Entomology, vol.58, issue.2, pp.123-137, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00265-005-0952-4

T. H. Clutton-brock, The Evolution of Parental Care, 1991.

H. Klug and M. B. Bonsall, LIFE HISTORY AND THE EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE, Evolution, vol.130, issue.3, pp.823-835, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/14.1.249

S. T. Trumbo, N. J. Royle, and P. Smiseth, Patterns of parental care in invertebrates, The Evolution of Parental Care, pp.81-100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692576.003.0005

M. Thiel, Extended parental care in crustaceans ? an update. Rev. Chil, Hist. Nat, vol.76, pp.205-218, 2003.

L. Watling, Peracaridan disunity and its bearing on eumalacostracan phylogeny with a redefinition of eumalacostracan superorders, In Crustacean Phylogeny. Crustacean Issues, vol.1, pp.213-228, 1983.

M. B?a?ewicz-paszkowycz, R. Bamber, and G. Anderson, Diversity of Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the World's Oceans ??? How Far Have We Come?, PLoS ONE, vol.45, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0033068.t002

L. F. Gardiner, The systematics, postmarsupial development, and ecology of the deep-sea family Neotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea), Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, vol.170, issue.170, pp.1-275, 1975.
DOI : 10.5479/si.00810282.170

K. Larsen, Deep-sea Tanaidacea (Peracarida) from the Gulf of Mexico, 2005.

L. Bückle-ramírez, Untersuchungen ?ber die biologie von Heterotanais oerstedi Kr?yer (crustacea, tanaidacea), Zeitschrift f?r Morphologie und ?kologie der Tiere, vol.2, issue.11, pp.714-782, 1965.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00406235

V. Iacobescu, Les particularités morphologiques de quelques Tanaïdes de la Mer Noire, Trav. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. " Grigore Antipa, vol.10, pp.25-31, 1970.

S. B. Johnson and Y. G. Attramadal, Reproductive behaviour and larval development of Tanais cavolinii (Crustacea: Tanaidacea), Marine Biology, vol.11, issue.1, pp.11-16, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00396987

S. Masunari, Postmarsupial Development and Population Dynamics of Leptochelia Sa Vignyi (Kr??Yer, 1842) (Tanaidacea), Crustaceana, vol.44, issue.2, pp.151-162, 1983.
DOI : 10.1163/156854083X00776

C. Hamers and H. Franke, The postmarsupial development of Tanais dulongii (Audouin, 1826) (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) in laboratory culture, Sarsia, vol.85, pp.403-410, 2000.

V. Toniollo and S. Masunari, Postmarsupial development of Sinelobus stanfordi (Richardson, 1901) (Tanaidacea: Tanaidae), Nauplius, vol.15, pp.15-41, 2014.

R. Vonk and F. Schram, Three new tanaid species (Crustacea, Peracarida, Tanaidacea) from the Lower Cretaceous ?lava amber in northern Spain, Journal of Paleontology, vol.82, issue.06, pp.1502-1509, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00193.x

A. Sánchez-garcía, E. Peñalver, R. Pérez-de-la-fuente, and X. Delclòs, A rich and diverse tanaidomorphan (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) assemblage associated with Early Cretaceous resin-producing forests in North Iberia: palaeobiological implications, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol.2, issue.8, pp.645-676, 2015.
DOI : 10.1666/05-020.1

A. Sánchez-garcía, E. Peñalver, G. J. Bird, V. Perrichot, and X. Delclòs, Palaeobiology of tanaidaceans (Crustacea: Peracarida) from Cretaceous ambers: extending the scarce fossil record of a diverse peracarid group, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.178, issue.3, pp.492-522, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/zoj.12427

D. E. Briggs, N. D. Clark, and E. N. Clarkson, ABSTRACT, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, vol.11, issue.01, pp.65-85, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1987.tb00786.x

M. D. Serrano-sánchez, The aquatic and semiaquatic biota in Miocene amber from the Campo LA Granja mine (Chiapas, Mexico): Paleoenvironmental implications, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, vol.62, pp.243-256, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsames.2015.06.007

Q. Meng, J. Liu, D. J. Varricchio, T. Huang, and C. Gao, Palaeontology: Parental care in an ornithischian dinosaur, Nature, vol.272, issue.7005, pp.145-146, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/285595

J. Botha-brink and S. P. Modesto, A mixed-age classed 'pelycosaur' aggregation from South Africa: earliest evidence of parental care in amniotes?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.27, issue.5, pp.2829-2834, 2007.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2006.0443

D. J. Varricchio, Avian Paternal Care Had Dinosaur Origin, Science, vol.34, issue.5, pp.1826-1828, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)83936-5

M. S. Engel, Monophyly and extensive extinction of advanced eusocial bees: Insights from an unexpected Eocene diversity, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 98, pp.1661-1664, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.240452097

M. S. Engel, P. Barden, M. L. Riccio, and D. A. Grimaldi, Morphologically Specialized Termite Castes and Advanced Sociality in the Early Cretaceous, Current Biology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.522-530, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.061

S. Wedmann, T. Wappler, and M. S. Engel, Direct and indirect fossil records of megachilid bees from the Paleogene of Central Europe (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), Naturwissenschaften, vol.59, issue.6, pp.703-712, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022336000025713

J. Costa, The Other Insect Societies, 2006.

M. S. Engel, Gregarious behaviour in Cretaceous earwig nymphs (Insecta, Dermaptera) from southwestern France, Geodiversitas, vol.31, issue.1, pp.129-135, 2009.
DOI : 10.5252/g2009n1a11

C. S. Chaboo, M. S. Engel, and M. L. Chamorro-lacayo, Maternally inherited architecture in tertiary leaf beetles: paleoichnology of cryptocephaline fecal cases in Dominican and Baltic amber, Naturwissenschaften, vol.59, issue.4, pp.1121-1126, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/jee/59.4.823

C. Y. Cai, Early origin of parental care in Mesozoic carrion beetles, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci, pp.14170-14174, 2014.
DOI : 10.1206/0003-0082(2002)361<0001:FCAFMB>2.0.CO;2

M. K. Hörnig, A. Sombke, C. Haug, S. Harzsch, and J. Haug, What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment ? a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach, Palaeontol. Electron, pp.1-20, 2016.

J. Wunderlich, Egg sacs, brood care and spiderlings, Beitr. Araneol, vol.3, pp.79-87, 2004.

M. S. Engel and D. A. Grimaldi, Whipspiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi) in amber from the early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, Novitates Paleoentomologicae, vol.9, pp.1-17, 2014.

J. Siveter, D. J. Siveter, M. D. Sutton, and D. E. Briggs, Brood care in a Silurian ostracod, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.266, issue.5185, pp.466-469, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.266.5185.637
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1766388

D. J. Siveter, Exceptionally Preserved 450-Million-Year-Old Ordovician Ostracods with Brood Care, Current Biology, vol.24, issue.7, pp.801-806, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.040
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.040

P. Broly, M. L. Serrano-sánchez, S. Rodríguez-garcía, and F. J. Vega, Fossil evidence of extended brood care in new Miocene Peracarida (Crustacea) from Mexico, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol.219, issue.1
DOI : 10.1007/s00427-010-0316-6

P. G. Pazinato, M. B. Soares, and K. Adami-rodrigues, Systematic and palaeoecological significance of the first record of Pygocephalomorpha females bearing o?stegites (Malacostraca, Peracarida) from the lower Permian of southern Brazil, Palaeontology, vol.4, issue.9, pp.817-826, 2016.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016756800133746

D. G. Shu, Anatomy and lifestyle of Kunmingella (Arthropoda, Bradoriida) from the Chengjiang fossil Lagerst?tte (lower Cambrian; Southwest China), Lethaia, vol.24, issue.4, pp.279-298, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022336000038646

Y. Duan, Reproductive strategy of the bradoriid arthropod Kunmingella douvillei from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerst??tte, South China, Gondwana Research, vol.25, issue.3, pp.983-990, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gr.2013.03.011

J. B. Caron and J. Vannier, Waptia and the Diversification of Brood Care in Early Arthropods, Current Biology, vol.26, issue.1, pp.69-74, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.006

D. E. Briggs and E. N. Clarkson, ABSTRACT, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, vol.30, issue.2-3, pp.173-201, 1985.
DOI : 10.1163/156854069X00169

V. Perrier, SYNCARID CRUSTACEANS FROM THE MONTCEAU LAGERSTATTE (UPPER CARBONIFEROUS; FRANCE), Palaeontology, vol.49, issue.3, pp.647-672, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00553.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00143880

J. Vannier, A. Thiéry, and P. Rachebouf, Spinicaudatans and ostracods (Crustacea) from the Montceau Lagerstatte (Late Carboniferous, France): morphology and palaeoenvironmental significance, Palaeontology, vol.46, issue.5, pp.999-1030, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/1475-4983.00330

F. Lethiers, R. Damotte, and R. Whatley, Evidence of brooding in Permian non-marine Ostracoda, Lethaia, vol.18, issue.3, pp.219-223, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-1838-2_1

K. Larsen and G. D. Wilson, Tanaidacean phylogeny, the first step: the superfamily Paratanaidoidea, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, vol.9, issue.4, pp.205-222, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/mpev.1995.1005

R. C. Highsmith, Sex Reversal and Fighting Behavior: Coevolved Phenomena in a Tanaid Crustacean, Ecology, vol.64, issue.4, pp.719-726, 1983.
DOI : 10.2307/1937194

A. Nel, V. Perrichot, C. Daugeron, and D. Néraudeau, A new Microphorites in the Lower Cretaceous amber of the southwest of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr, vol.40, pp.23-29, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00023095

V. Perrichot, A. Nel, and D. Néraudeau, SCHIZOPTERID BUGS (INSECTA: HETEROPTERA) IN MID-CRETACEOUS AMBERS FROM FRANCE and MYANMAR (BURMA), Palaeontology, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1367-1374, 2007.
DOI : 10.1163/187631293X00235

G. D. Edgecombe, A. Minelli, L. Bonato, and . France, A geophilomorph centipede (Chilopoda) from La Buzinie amber (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian), SW France, Geodiversitas, vol.31, issue.1, pp.29-39, 2009.
DOI : 10.5252/g2009n1a3

V. Girard, Evidence for marine microfossils from amber, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 105, pp.17426-17429, 2008.
DOI : 10.1006/cres.2002.1011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00338926

V. Girard, Taphonomy and palaeoecology of mid-Cretaceous amber-preserved microorganisms from southwestern France, Geodiversitas, vol.31, issue.1, pp.152-163, 2009.
DOI : 10.5252/g2009n1a14
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00392788

V. Perrichot, D. Néraudeau, A. Nel, and G. De-ploëg, A reassessment of the Cretaceous amber deposits from France and their palaeontological significance, Afr. Invertebr, vol.48, pp.213-227, 2007.

G. J. Bird and D. M. Holdich, Tanaidacea (Crustacea) of the north-east Atlantic: the subfamily Pseudotanainae (Pseudotanaidae) and the family Nototanaidae, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.97, issue.3, pp.233-298, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb00548.x

G. J. Bird and K. Larsen, Tanaidacean phylogeny ? the second step: the basal Paratanaoidean families (Crustacea: Malacostraca)

E. Wilson, What is sociobiology?, Society, vol.106, issue.6, 1975.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02697770

A. Sánchez-garcía and M. S. Engel, Long-term stasis in a diverse fauna of Early Cretaceous springtails (Collembola: Symphypleona), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol.1, issue.7
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007

A. Sánchez-garcía and M. S. Engel, Springtails from the Early Cretaceous Amber of Spain (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha), with an Annotated Checklist of Fossil Collembola, American Museum Novitates, vol.3862, issue.3862, pp.1-47, 2016.
DOI : 10.1206/3862.1

A. Sánchez-garcía, A. Arillo, and A. Nel, The first water measurers from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Spain (Heteroptera, Hydrometridae, Heterocleptinae), Cretaceous Research, vol.57, pp.111-121, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.010

P. Nascimbene and H. Silverstein, The preparation of fragile Cretaceous ambers for conservation and study of organismal inclusions, Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp.93-102, 2000.

J. Alonso, A new fossil resin with biological inclusions in Lower Cretaceous deposits from ?lava (northern Spain, Basque-Cantabrian Basin), Journal of Paleontology, vol.3, issue.01, pp.158-178, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/00305316.1988.11835485

E. Barrón, Palynology of Aptian and upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) amber-bearing outcrops of the southern margin of the Basque-Cantabrian basin (northern Spain), Cretaceous Research, vol.52, pp.292-312, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cretres.2014.10.003

D. Azar, V. Perrichot, D. Néraudeau, and A. Nel, New Psychodids from the Cretaceous Ambers of Lebanon and France, with a Discussion of <I>Eophlebotomus connectens</I> Cockerell, 1920 (Diptera, Psychodidae), Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol.96, issue.2, pp.117-126, 1920.
DOI : 10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0117:NPFTCA]2.0.CO;2

K. Larsen, Proposed New Standardized Anatomical Terminology for the Tanaidacea (Peracarida), Journal of Crustacean Biology, vol.23, issue.3, pp.644-661, 2003.
DOI : 10.1651/C-2363