L. Andersson, R. E. Ergun, G. Delory, A. I. Eriksson, J. Westfall et al., The langmuir probe and waves experiment for MAVEN, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, pp.173-198, 2015.

D. J. Andrews, L. Andersson, G. T. Delory, R. E. Ergun, A. I. Eriksson et al., Ionospheric plasma density variations observed at Mars by MAVEN/LPW, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.8862-8869, 2015.

T. R. Ayres, Evolution of the solar ionizing flux, J. Geophys. Res, vol.102, pp.1641-1651, 1997.

N. Balakrishnan, V. Kharchenko, and A. Dalgarno, Quantum mechanical and semiclassical studies of N + N 2 collisions and their application to thermalization of fast N atoms, J. Chem. Phys, vol.108, p.943, 1998.

M. Benna, P. R. Mahaffy, J. M. Grebowsky, J. L. Fox, R. V. Yelle et al., First measurements of composition and dynamics of the Martian ionosphere by MAVEN's Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.8958-8965, 2015.

S. W. Bougher, S. Engel, R. G. Roble, and B. Foster, Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres 2. Solar cycle variation of global structure and winds at equinox, J. Geophys. Res, vol.104, pp.591-607, 1999.

S. W. Bougher, S. Engel, R. G. Roble, and B. Foster, Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres 3. Solar cycle variation of global structure and winds at solstices, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, pp.669-686, 2000.

D. A. Brain, S. Barabash, S. Bougher, F. Duru, B. Jakosky et al., Solar wind interaction and atmospheric escape, The Mars 6 Atmosphere, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01536193

J. Y. Chaufray, R. Modolo, F. Leblanc, G. Chanteur, R. E. Johnson et al., Mars solar wind interaction: Formation of the Martian corona and atmospheric loss to space, J. Geophys. Res, vol.112, p.9009, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00186346

F. Cipriani, F. Leblanc, and J. J. Berthelier, Martian corona: Nonthermal sources of hot heavy species, J. Geophys. Res, vol.112, p.7001, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00164670

T. E. Cravens, Hot oxygen escape from Mars: Simple scaling with solar EUV irradiance, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, vol.122, pp.1102-1116, 2016.

J. Deighan, MAVEN IUVS observation of the hot oxygen corona at Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.9009-9014, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01238383

S. L. England, Simultaneous observations of atmospheric tides from combined in situ and remote observations at Mars from the MAVEN spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, vol.121, pp.594-607, 2016.

F. Eparvier, P. C. Chamberlin, and T. N. Woods, The Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor for MAVEN, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, issue.1-4, pp.293-301, 2015.

R. E. Ergun, M. W. Morooka, C. M. Fowler, G. Delory, D. J. Andrews et al., Dayside electron temperature and density profiles at Mars: First results from the MAVEN LPW instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.8846-8853, 2015.

R. E. Ergun, Enhanced O 2 + loss at Mars due to an ambipolar electric field from electron heating, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, vol.121, pp.4668-4678, 2016.

M. O. Fillingim, R. J. Lillis, S. L. England, L. M. Peticolas, D. A. Brain et al., On wind-driven electrojets at magnetic cusps in the nightside ionosphere of Mars, Earth Planets Space, vol.64, issue.2, pp.93-103, 2012.

C. M. Fowler, The first in situ electron temperature and density measurements of the Martian nightside ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.8854-8861, 2015.

J. L. Fox and A. B. Ha?, Photochemical escape of oxygen from Mars: A comparison of the exobase approximation to a Monte Carlo method, Icarus, vol.204, issue.2, pp.527-544, 2009.

J. L. Fox and A. B. Hac, The escape of O from Mars: Sensitivity to the elastic cross sections, Icarus, vol.228, pp.375-385, 2014.

Z. Girazian and P. Withers, An empirical model of the extreme ultraviolet solar spectrum as a function of F10, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, vol.7, pp.6779-6794, 2015.

F. Gonzalez-galindo, J. Y. Chaufray, M. A. Lopez-valverde, G. Gilli, F. Forget et al., Three-dimensional Martian ionosphere model: I. The photochemical ionosphere below 180 km, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, vol.118, pp.2105-2123, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00861867

H. Groller, H. Lichtenegger, H. Lammer, and V. I. Shematovich, Hot oxygen and carbon escape from the martian atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci, vol.98, pp.93-105, 2014.

J. S. Halekas, E. R. Taylor, G. Dalton, G. Johnson, D. W. Curtis et al., The MAVEN solar wind ion analyzer, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, issue.1, pp.125-151, 2015.

W. B. Hanson, S. Sanatani, and D. Zuccaro, Retarding potential analyzer measurements from Viking Landers, Trans. AGU, vol.57, issue.12, pp.966-966, 1976.

W. B. Hanson, S. Sanatani, and D. R. Zuccaro, The Martian ionosphere as observed by the Viking retarding potential analyzers, J. Geophys. Res, vol.82, pp.4351-4363, 1977.

H. E. Hinteregger, Representations of solar EUV fluxes for aeronomical applications, Adv. Space Res, vol.1, issue.81, pp.90416-90422, 1981.

R. R. Hodges, The rate of loss of water from Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.29, issue.3, p.1038, 2002.

W. F. Huebner and J. Mukherjee, Photoionization and photodissociation rates in solar and blackbody radiation fields, vol.106, pp.11-45, 2015.

B. M. Jakosky, The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, Space Sci. Rev, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01140591

C. P. Johnstone, M. Güdel, I. Brott, and T. Lüftinger, Stellar winds on the main-sequence. II. The evolution of rotation and winds, Astron. Astrophys, vol.577, p.22, 2015.

G. M. Keating, The structure of the upper atmosphere of Mars: In situ accelerometer measurements from Mars global surveyor, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, issue.5357, pp.1672-1676, 1998.

V. Kharchenko, A. Dalgarno, B. Zygelman, and J. H. Yee, Energy transfer in collisions of oxygen atoms in the terrestrial atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, pp.899-923, 2000.

J. Kim, A. F. Nagy, J. L. Fox, and T. E. Cravens, Solar cycle variability of hot oxygen atoms at Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.103, pp.339-368, 1998.

M. A. Krestyanikova and V. I. Shematovich, Stochastic models of hot planetary and satellite coronas: A photochemical source of hot oxygen in the upper atmosphere of Mars, Sol. Syst. Res, vol.39, issue.1, pp.22-32, 2005.

H. Lammer, J. F. Kasting, E. Chassefiere, R. E. Johnson, Y. N. Kulikov et al., Atmospheric escape and evolution of terrestrial planets and satellites, Space Sci. Rev, vol.139, issue.1, pp.399-436, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00375029

D. Larson, The MAVEN solar energetic particle investigation, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, pp.153-172, 2015.

Y. Lee, M. R. Combi, V. Tenishev, S. W. Bougher, J. Deighan et al., A comparison of 3-D model predictions of Mars' oxygen corona with early MAVEN IUVS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.9015-9022, 2015.

Y. Lee, M. R. Combi, V. Tenishev, S. W. Bougher, and R. J. Lillis, Hot oxygen corona at Mars and the photochemical escape of oxygen: Improved description of the thermosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, vol.120, pp.1880-1892, 2015.

R. J. Lillis and D. A. Brain, Nightside electron precipitation at Mars: Geographic variability and dependence on solar wind conditions, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, vol.118, pp.3546-3556, 2013.

R. J. Lillis, D. L. Mitchell, R. P. Lin, and M. H. Acuna, Electron reflectometry in the Martian atmosphere, Icarus, vol.194, issue.2, pp.544-561, 2008.

R. J. Lillis, D. A. Brain, S. L. England, P. Withers, M. O. Fillingim et al., Total electron content in the Mars ionosphere: Temporal studies and dependence on solar EUV flux, J. Geophys. Res, vol.115, p.11314, 2010.

R. J. Lillis, M. O. Fillingim, and D. A. Brain, Three-dimensional structure of the Martian nightside ionosphere: Predicted rates of impact ionization from Mars Global Surveyor Magnetometer and Electron Reflectometer measurements of precipitating electrons, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.12317, 2011.

R. J. Lillis, Characterizing atmospheric escape from mars today and through time, with MAVEN, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, pp.357-422, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01203511

P. R. Mahaffy, The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution mission, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, issue.1, pp.49-73, 2014.

P. R. Mahaffy, M. Benna, M. Elrod, R. V. Yelle, S. W. Bougher et al., Structure and composition of the neutral upper atmosphere of Mars from the MAVEN NGIMS investigation, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.8951-8957, 2015.

W. Mcclintock, N. M. Schneider, G. M. Holsclaw, J. Clarke, A. Hoskins et al., The imaging ultraviolet spectrograph for the MAVEN mission, Space Sci. Rev, vol.195, issue.1-4, pp.75-124, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01070082

J. Mcfadden, The MAVEN Suprathermal and thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) instrument, Space Sci. Rev, 2015.

A. S. Medvedev and E. Yigit, Thermal effects of internal gravity waves in the Martian upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.39, p.5201, 2012.

D. D. Morgan, D. A. Gurnett, D. L. Kirchner, J. L. Fox, E. Nielsen et al., Variation of the Martian ionospheric electron density from Mars Express radar soundings, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, p.9303, 2008.

A. Morschhauser, V. Lesur, and M. Grott, A spherical harmonic model of the lithospheric magnetic field of Mars, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, vol.119, pp.1162-1188, 2014.

A. F. Nagy, M. W. Liemohn, J. L. Fox, and J. Kim, Hot carbon densities in the exosphere of Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.106, pp.565-586, 2001.

F. N?mec, D. D. Morgan, D. A. Gurnett, and D. A. Brain, Areas of enhanced ionization in the deep nightside ionosphere of Mars, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.6006, 2011.

A. O. Nier, W. B. Hanson, A. Seiff, M. B. Mcelroy, N. W. Spencer et al., Composition and structure of martian atmosphere-Preliminary results from Viking-1, Science, vol.193, issue.4255, pp.786-788, 1976.

A. Petrignani, F. Hellberg, R. D. Thomas, M. Larsson, P. C. Cosby et al., Electron energy-dependent product state distributions in the dissociative recombination of O 2 +, J. Chem. Phys, vol.122, issue.23, p.234311, 2005.

A. Rahmati, D. E. Larson, T. E. Cravens, R. J. Lillis, P. A. Dunn et al., MAVEN insights into oxygen pickup ions at Mars, vol.42, pp.8870-8876, 2015.

A. Rahmati, MAVEN measured oxygen and hydrogen pickup ions: Probing the Martian exosphere and neutral escape, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, p.122, 2017.

I. Ribas, E. F. Guinan, M. Güdel, and M. Audard, Evolution of the solar activity over time and effects on planetary atmospheres. I. High-energy irradiances (1-1700 Å), Astrophys. J, vol.622, issue.1, p.680, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00521699

J. A. Riousset, C. S. Paty, R. J. Lillis, M. O. Fillingim, S. L. England et al., Three-dimensional multifluid modeling of atmospheric electrodynamics in Mars' dynamo region, Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry, vol.118, pp.3647-3659, 2000.

E. M. Thiemann, P. C. Chamberlin, F. G. Eparvier, B. Templeman, T. N. Woods et al., The MAVEN EUVM model of solar spectral irradiance variability at Mars: Algorithms and results, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, p.122, 2017.

L. Tu, C. P. Johnstone, M. Güdel, and H. Lammer, The extreme ultraviolet and X-ray Sun in rime: High-energy evolutionary tracks of a solar-like star, A&A, p.577, 2015.

A. Valeille, M. R. Combi, S. W. Bougher, V. Tenishev, and A. F. Nagy, Three-dimensional study of Mars upper thermosphere/ionosphere and hot oxygen corona: 2. Solar cycle, seasonal variations, and evolution over history, J. Geophys. Res, vol.114, p.11006, 2009.

A. Valeille, V. Tenishev, S. W. Bougher, M. R. Combi, and A. F. Nagy, Three-dimensional study of Mars upper thermosphere/ionosphere and hot oxygen corona: 1. General description and results at equinox for solar low conditions, J. Geophys. Res, vol.114, p.11005, 2009.

A. Valeille, M. R. Combi, V. Tenishev, S. W. Bougher, and A. F. Nagy, A study of suprathermal oxygen atoms in Mars upper thermosphere and exosphere over the range of limiting conditions, Icarus, vol.206, issue.1, pp.18-27, 2010.

P. Withers, A review of observed variability in the dayside ionosphere of Mars, Adv. Space Res, vol.44, issue.3, pp.277-307, 2009.

C. J. Wright, A one-year seasonal analysis of martian gravity waves using MCS data, Icarus, vol.219, issue.1, pp.274-282, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00783455

J. Zhao and F. Tian, Photochemical escape of oxygen from early Mars, vol.250, pp.477-481, 2015.