We thank the EDGAR team for compiling the HTAPv2 emissions. We acknowledge use of the WRF-Chem preprocessor tool (mozbc, fire_emiss, bio_emiss) provided by the Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Lab (ACOM) of NCAR. We acknowledge use of MOZART-4 global model, Raut benefited from access to IDRIS HPC resources (GENCI allocations 2015-017141 and 2016-017141) and the IPSL mesoscale computing center ,
Heimerl were supported by the Helmholtz Association (grant number VH-NG-606) and by the European Research Council under the European Community's Horizon 2020 research and innovation framework program/ERC grant agreement 640458 (A-LIFE). We thank the AERIS-ICARE Data and Services Center for providing access to the DARDAR data used in this study ,
Evolution of biomass burning aerosol properties from an agricultural fire in southern Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.30, p.1783, 2003. ,
Evolution of trace gases and particles emitted by a chaparral fire in California, Atmos, Chem. Phys, vol.12, pp.1397-1421, 2012. ,
Transport of aerosol to the Arctic: analysis of CALIOP and French aircraft data during the spring 2008 POLARCAT campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.14, pp.8235-8254, 2014. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01119972
Scavenging of black carbon by ice crystals over the northern Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.35, p.22815, 2008. ,
A new WRF-Chem treatment for studying regional-scale impacts of cloud processes on aerosol and trace gases in parameterized cumuli, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.8, pp.409-429, 2015. ,
Evaluation of a Modified Scheme for Shallow Convection: Implementation of CuP and Case Studies, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.141, pp.134-147, 2013. ,
Pollution transport efficiency toward the Arctic: Sensitivity to aerosol scavenging and source regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.116, 2011. ,
Annual distributions and sources of Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.119, pp.4107-4124, 2014. ,
The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-WRF version 3.1, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.6, pp.1889-1904, 2013. ,
The scavenging processes controlling the seasonal cycle in Arctic sulphate and black carbon aerosol, Atmos, J. Atmos. Chem, vol.9, pp.6775-6798, 1989. ,
Coupling aerosol-cloud-radiative processes in the WRF-Chem model: Investigating the radiative impact of elevated point sources, Atmos, Chem. Phys, vol.9, pp.945-964, 2009. ,
Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.9689-9704, 2010. ,
The Pagami Creek smoke plume after long-range transport to the upper troposphere over Europe-aerosol properties and black carbon mixing state, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.14, pp.6111-6137, 2014. ,
Combined CloudSatCALIPSO-MODIS retrievals of the properties of ice clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.115, 2010. ,
Spatial and seasonal distribution of Arctic aerosols observed by the CALIOP satellite instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.7075-7095, 2006. ,
MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.109, p.20210, 2004. ,
A 15-year climatology of warm conveyor belts, J. Climate, vol.17, pp.218-237, 2004. ,
Current model capabilities for simulating black carbon and sulfate concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere: a multi-model evaluation using a comprehensive measurement data set, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.15, pp.9413-9433, 2003. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01140950
Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.3, pp.43-67, 2010. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00452711
, The POLARCAT Model Intercomparison Project (POLMIP): overview and evaluation with observations, vol.15, pp.6721-6744, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01088391
A Lagrangian particle dispersion model compatible with WRF, 7th WRF User's Workshop, 2006. ,
Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.111, p.21305, 2006. ,
Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.112, 2007. ,
Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.9, pp.2481-2497, 2009. ,
A case study of aerosol scavenging in a biomass burning plume over eastern Canada during the 2011 BORTAS field experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.14, pp.8449-8460, 2014. ,
Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.3385-3398, 2007. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00303953
Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes, Nature, vol.440, pp.787-789, 2006. ,
Inclusion of biomass burning in WRF-Chem: impact of wildfires on weather forecasts, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.5289-5303, 2011. ,
Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ, vol.39, pp.6957-6975, 2005. ,
Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.6, pp.3181-3210, 2006. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00300920
Impact on modeled cloud characteristics due to simplified treatment of uniform cloud condensation nuclei during NEAQS, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.34, p.19809, 2004. ,
Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.101, pp.423-428, 2004. ,
MODIS atmosphere L3 gridded product algorithm theoretical basis document, ATBD Reference Number: ATBD-MOD-30, vol.30, 2008. ,
Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multisatellite observations, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.2, pp.36-50, 2001. ,
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.113, p.13103, 2008. ,
Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.109, p.21201, 2004. ,
Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.115, p.14209, 2010. ,
The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.122, pp.927-945, 1994. ,
The Kain-Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update, J. Appl. Meteorol, vol.43, pp.170-181, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:tkcpau>2.0.co;2
Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: a Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.110, 2005. ,
Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models, Atmos, Chem. Phys, vol.9, pp.9001-9026, 2009. ,
Export of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen and sulfur compounds from the East Asia region in spring, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.108, 2003. ,
, Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia, vol.116, 2008.
Single Particle Soot Photometer intercomparison at the AIDA chamber, Atmos. Meas. Tech, vol.5, pp.3077-3097, 2012. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00843886
Modeling of carbonaceous particles emitted by boreal and temperate wildfires at northern latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.Atmos, vol.105, pp.26871-26890, 2000. ,
Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts, Science, vol.315, pp.1537-1540, 2007. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00145006
, Arctic air pollution: new insights from POLARCAT-IPY, vol.95, pp.1873-1895, 2014.
Evaluation of preindustrial to present-day black carbon and its albedo forcing from Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.2607-2634, 2013. ,
Arctic Sea Ice Retreat in 2007 Follows Thinning Trend, J. Climate, vol.22, pp.165-176, 2009. ,
A climatologically significant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic, Nature, vol.439, pp.453-456, 2006. ,
The role of circulation features on black carbon transport into the Arctic in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.118, pp.4657-4669, 2013. ,
Assessing the CAM5 physics suite in the WRF-Chem model: implementation, resolution sensitivity, and a first evaluation for a regional case study, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.7, pp.755-778, 2014. ,
Warm Conveyor Belts in the ERA-Interim Dataset (1979-2010). Part I: Climatology and Potential Vorticity Evolution, J. Climate, vol.27, pp.3-26, 2014. ,
Transient responses of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO 2. Part II: Seasonal response, J. Climate, vol.5, pp.105-126, 1992. ,
Air quality and radiative impacts of Arctic shipping emissions in the summertime in northern Norway: from the local to the regional scale, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.16, pp.2359-2379, 2016. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01175648
Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.116, 2011. ,
Multi-model study of chemical and physical controls on transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.15, pp.3575-3603, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01070702
Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one-and two-moment schemes, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.137, pp.10969-10995, 2009. ,
Method to measure refractive indices of small nonspherical particles: Application to black carbon particles, J. Aerosol Sci, vol.41, pp.513-521, 2010. ,
, UK emissions of air pollutants, 1970.
Projected changes in Eurasian and Arctic summer cyclones under global warming in the Bergen Climate Model, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett, vol.2, pp.62-67, 2009. ,
Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.117, 2012. ,
Vertical transport mechanisms of black carbon over East Asia in spring during the A-FORCE aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.118, pp.13175-13198, 2013. ,
Wildfire smoke in the Siberian Arctic in summer: source characterization and plume evolution from airborne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.9, pp.9315-9327, 2009. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00416203
Cloud condensation nucleation activity of biomass burning aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.114, p.22205, 2009. ,
Radiative power of wildfires in Siberia on the basis of TERRA/Modis imagery processing, Folia Forestalia Polonica, Seria A-Forestry, vol.55, pp.102-110, 2013. ,
Shortlived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.8, pp.1723-1735, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00303165
Resolving intercontinental pollution plumes in global models of atmospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.115, p.2302, 2010. ,
Insitu observation of Asian pollution transported into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.10975-10994, 2011. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00597922
Quantifying emerging local anthropogenic emissions in the Arctic region: The ACCESS aircraft campaign experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.96, pp.441-460, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01119107
Emission characteristics of black carbon in anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes over California during ARCTAS-CARB, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.117, pp.2156-2202, 2008. ,
Source identification and airborne chemical characterisation of aerosol pollution from long-range transport over Greenland during POLARCAT summer campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.10097-10123, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01184583
Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.Atmos, vol.111, p.16207, 2006. ,
Globalscale seasonally resolved black carbon vertical profiles over the Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.40, pp.5542-5547, 2013. ,
Aircraft measurements of black carbon vertical profiles show upper tropospheric variability and stability, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.44, pp.1132-1140, 2017. ,
, Atmospheric chemistry and physics, vol.450, 2006.
An investigation of methods for injecting emissions from boreal wildfires using WRF-Chem during ARCTAS, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.21, pp.5719-5744, 2008. ,
16-year simulation of Arctic black carbon: Transport, source contribution, and sensitivity analysis on deposition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.118, pp.943-964, 2013. ,
An evaluation of the wind erosion module in DUSTRAN, Atmos. Environ, vol.42, 1907. ,
Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century, Nat. Geosci, vol.2, pp.294-300, 2009. ,
A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.8, pp.5353-5372, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328325
A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, J. Comput. Phys, vol.227, pp.3465-3485, 2008. ,
Episodes of crosspolar transport in the Arctic troposphere during, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.3631-3651, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00533205
Use of four-dimensional data assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part I: Experiments with synoptic-scale data, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.118, pp.1250-1277, 1990. ,
Observations of ice nuclei and heterogeneous freezing in a Western Pacific extratropical storm, Atmos, Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.6229-6243, 2011. ,
Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.111, p.11306, 2006. ,
Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.2, pp.2461-2474, 2005. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00301615
Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.8833-8855, 2013. ,
Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.15, pp.10529-10566, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01159851
Size-dependent wet removal of black carbon in Canadian biomass burning plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.14, pp.13755-13771, 2014. ,
Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.112, p.16205, 2007. ,
Description of Current Temporal Emission Patterns and Sensitivity of Predicted AQ for Temporal Emission Patterns, EU FP7 MACC deliverable report, vol.67, pp.2437-2450, 2010. ,
Sources of uncertainties in modelling black carbon at the global scale, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.2595-2611, 2010. ,
Using an explicit emission tagging method in global modeling of source-receptor relationships for black carbon in the Arctic: Variations, sources, and transport pathways, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.119, pp.12888-12909, 2014. ,
An important contribution to springtime Arctic aerosol from biomass burning in Russia, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.37, p.1801, 2010. ,
A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.37, pp.2734-2745, 1980. ,
A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ, vol.34, pp.2261-2282, 2000. ,
The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.4, pp.625-641, 2011. ,
Fast-J: Accurate simulation of in-and below-cloud photolysis in tropospheric chemical models, J. Atmos. Chem, vol.37, pp.245-282, 2000. ,
A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res.Atmos, vol.104, pp.30387-30415, 1999. ,
Model for simulating aerosol interactions and chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.113, p.1801, 2008. ,
Effects of Arctic haze on surface cloud radiative forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.557-564, 2015. ,