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LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray

M. P. van Haarlem 1 M. W. Wise 1, 2 A. W. Gunst 1 G. Heald 1 J. P. Mckean 1 J. W. T. Hessels 3 A. G. de Bruyn 1 R. Nijboer J. Swinbank 2 R. Fallows 4 M. Brentjens 1 A. Nelles 5 R. Beck 6 H. Falcke 5, 7, 1 R. Fender 8 J. Hörandel L. V. E. Koopmans G. Mann 9 G. Miley H. Röttgering 10 B. W. Stappers 11 R. A. M. J. Wijers 2 S. Zaroubi M. van Den Akker A. Alexov 1 J. Anderson 12 K. Anderson A. van Ardenne M. Arts 13 A. Asgekar 1 I. M. Avruch 14 F. Batejat 12 L. Bähren 2 M. E. Bell 8 M. R. Bell 8 I. van Bemmel P. Bennema M. J. Bentum 1 G. Bernardi P. Best 15 L. Bîrzan A. Bonafede 16 A. -J. Boonstra 1 R. Braun 17 J. Bregman 1 F. Breitling 9 R. H. van de Brink J. Broderick 8 P. C. Broekema W. N. Brouw 18 M. Brüggen 16 H. R. Butcher 1 W. van Cappellen 19 B. Ciardi 12 T. Coenen 1 J. Conway A. Coolen 20 A. Corstanje S. Damstra O. Davies A. T. Deller R. -J. Dettmar G. van Diepen K. Dijkstra 21 P. Donker A. Doorduin J. Dromer M. Drost A. van Duin J. Eislöffel 22 J. van Enst C. Ferrari 23 W. Frieswijk H. Gankema M. A. Garrett 10, 1 F. de Gasperin M. Gerbers 1 E. de Geus 24 Jean-Mathias Grießmeier 25 T. Grit P. Gruppen J. P. Hamaker T. Hassall 11 M. Hoeft 22 H. Holties 1 A. Horneffer A. van der Horst A. van Houwelingen 26 A. Huijgen M. Iacobelli 27, 28 H. Intema N. Jackson V. Jelic 29 A. de Jong 1 E. Juette 30 D. Kant A. Karastergiou 31 A. Koers 32 H. Kollen V. I. Kondratiev 1 E. Kooistra Y. Koopman A. Koster M. Kuniyoshi 7 M. Kramer 33 G. Kuper 1 P. Lambropoulos 1 C. Law 2 J. van Leeuwen 3 J. Lemaitre M. Loose 34 P. Maat 1 G. Macario S. Markoff 2 J. Masters 35 D. Mckay-Bukowski 36 H. Meijering H. Meulman 1 M. Mevius 1 E. Middelberg R. Millenaar J. C. A. Miller-Jones 2 R. N. Mohan 37 J. D. Mol 38 J. Morawietz R. Morganti 18, 1 D. D. Mulcahy E. Mulder 39 H. Munk 1 L. Nieuwenhuis R. van Nieuwpoort J. E. Noordam 1 M. Norden A. Noutsos 7 A. R. Offringa H. Olofsson 40 A. Omar 1, 41 E. Orrú R. Overeem H. Paas 1 M. Pandey-Pommier 42 V. N. Pandey R. Pizzo 1 A. Polatidis 1 D. Rafferty 43 S. Rawlings W. Reich 7 J. -P. de Reijer J. Reitsma 44 A. Renting P. Riemers E. Rol 2 J. W. Romein J. Roosjen M. Ruiter A. Scaife 45 K. van der Schaaf B. Scheers 2 P. Schellart 5 A. Schoenmakers G. Schoonderbeek M. Serylak 25, 46 A. Shulevski J. Sluman 1 O. Smirnov 47 C. Sobey 7 H. Spreeuw 2 M. Steinmetz C. G. M. Sterks 48 H. -J. Stiepel K. Stuurwold Michel Tagger 25 Y. Tang 49 C. Tasse 50 I. Thomas 51 S. Thoudam 5 M. C. Toribio 52 B. van der Tol O. Usov M. van Veelen A. -J. van der Veen 53 S. ter Veen 54 J. P. W. Verbiest 7 R. Vermeulen N. Vermaas C. Vocks C. Vogt M. de Vos E. van der Wal R. van Weeren 1, 55 H. Weggemans P. Weltevrede 11 S. White S. J. Wijnholds 1 T. Wilhelmsson O. Wucknitz 56 S. Yatawatta 18 P. Zarka 50 A. Zensus J. van Zwieten
1 ASTRON - Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
2 AI PANNEKOEK - Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek
3 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam]
4 Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
5 Radboud university [Nijmegen]
6 LCPM - Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire
7 MPIFR - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie
8 University of Southampton
9 AIP - Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam
10 Leiden Observatory [Leiden]
11 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
12 Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
13 Medical Center Haaglanden
14 SRON - SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
15 University of Edinburgh
16 Jacobs University [Bremen]
17 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
18 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen]
19 Department of Reproduction and Development
20 London Institute for Mathematical Sciences
21 Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Leiden, The Netherlands
22 TLS - Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
23 LRGP - Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
24 Medstar Research Institute
25 LPC2E - Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace
26 Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience
27 Sapienza University of Rome - Dipartimento di Matematica "Guido Castelnuovo" [Roma I]
28 CMLS - Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz
29 UMR PVBMT - Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical
30 Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum]
31 Oxford Astrophysics
32 Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
33 VUMC - Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre
34 Queen's Medical Centre
35 NRAO - National Radio Astronomy Observatory
36 University of Oulu
37 Department of Economics
38 Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname CELOS and Department of Biology
39 DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine
40 OSO - Onsala Space Observatory
41 GFI / BiU - Geophysical Institute [Bergen]
42 CRAL - Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon
43 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState]
44 AMC - Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam]
45 School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton]
46 USN - Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay
47 Rhodes University, Grahamstown
48 Center for Information Technology CIT
49 PASTEUR - Processus d'Activation Sélective par Transfert d'Energie Uni-électronique ou Radiatif (UMR 8640)
50 LESIA - Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique
51 Center for Operations and Econometrics
52 Finca El Encin
53 EINDHOVEN - Surgery - Department of Surgery
54 IMAPP - Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics
55 CfA - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
56 AlfA - Argelander-Institut für Astronomie
Abstract : LOFAR, the LOw-Frequency ARray, is a new-generation radio interferometer constructed in the north of the Netherlands and across europe. Utilizing a novel phased-array design, LOFAR covers the largely unexplored low-frequency range from 10-240 MHz and provides a number of unique observing capabilities. Spreading out from a core located near the village of Exloo in the northeast of the Netherlands, a total of 40 LOFAR stations are nearing completion. A further five stations have been deployed throughout Germany, and one station has been built in each of France, Sweden, and the UK. Digital beam-forming techniques make the LOFAR system agile and allow for rapid repointing of the telescope as well as the potential for multiple simultaneous observations. With its dense core array and long interferometric baselines, LOFAR achieves unparalleled sensitivity and angular resolution in the low-frequency radio regime. The LOFAR facilities are jointly operated by the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) foundation, as an observatory open to the global astronomical community. LOFAR is one of the first radio observatories to feature automated processing pipelines to deliver fully calibrated science products to its user community. LOFAR's new capabilities, techniques and modus operandi make it an important pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). We give an overview of the LOFAR instrument, its major hardware and software components, and the core science objectives that have driven its design. In addition, we present a selection of new results from the commissioning phase of this new radio observatory.
Keywords : first stars - telescopes reionization instrumentation: interferometers -radio continuum: general -radio lines: general -dark ages instrumentation: interferometers telescopes radio continuum: general radio lines: general
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PAPANGUE | INRA | UNIV-LYON1 | X-DEP-MATH | USN | SORBONNE-UNIVERSITE | SU-SCIENCES | UDL | INRAE | UNIV-REUNION | AGROPOLIS | PVBMT | CIRAD | FST-REUNION | ENS-LYON | OBSPM | UPMC | CNRS | ENS-PARIS | INSU | LPC2E | CMLS | OSUC | CRAL | PASTEUR_UMR8640 | UNIV-LORRAINE | INC-CNRS | X-CMLS | LRGP-UL | UNIV-ORLEANS | X | IRD | LESIA | UNIV-PARIS7 | UP-SCIENCES | USPC | UNIV-PARIS | RIGL | AFRIQ | PSL | SU-TI

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M. P. van Haarlem, M. W. Wise, A. W. Gunst, G. Heald, J. P. Mckean, et al.. LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray. Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A, EDP Sciences, 2013, A2, 53 p. ⟨10.1051/0004-6361/201220873⟩. ⟨insu-01288431⟩

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