Journal articles

LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray

M. P. van Haarlem ¹ M. W. Wise ^{1, 2} A. W. Gunst ¹ G. Heald ¹ J. P. Mckean ¹ J. W. T. Hessels ³ A. G. de Bruyn ¹ R. Nijboer J. Swinbank ² R. Fallows ⁴ M. Brentjens ¹ A. Nelles ⁵ R. Beck ⁶ H. Falcke ^{5, 7, 1} R. Fender ⁸ J. Hörandel L. V. E. Koopmans G. Mann ⁹ G. Miley H. Röttgering ¹⁰ B. W. Stappers ¹¹ R. A. M. J. Wijers ² S. Zaroubi M. van Den Akker A. Alexov ¹ J. Anderson ¹² K. Anderson A. van Ardenne M. Arts ¹³ A. Asgekar ¹ I. M. Avruch ¹⁴ F. Batejat ¹² L. Bähren ² M. E. Bell ⁸ M. R. Bell ⁸ I. van Bemmel P. Bennema M. J. Bentum ¹ G. Bernardi P. Best ¹⁵ L. Bîrzan A. Bonafede ¹⁶ A. -J. Boonstra ¹ R. Braun ¹⁷ J. Bregman ¹ F. Breitling ⁹ R. H. van de Brink J. Broderick ⁸ P. C. Broekema W. N. Brouw ¹⁸ M. Brüggen ¹⁶ H. R. Butcher ¹ W. van Cappellen ¹⁹ B. Ciardi ¹² T. Coenen ¹ J. Conway A. Coolen ²⁰ A. Corstanje S. Damstra O. Davies A. T. Deller R. -J. Dettmar G. van Diepen K. Dijkstra ²¹ P. Donker A. Doorduin J. Dromer M. Drost A. van Duin J. Eislöffel ²² J. van Enst C. Ferrari ²³ W. Frieswijk H. Gankema M. A. Garrett ^{10, 1} F. de Gasperin M. Gerbers ¹ E. de Geus ²⁴ Jean-Mathias Griessmeier ²⁵ T. Grit P. Gruppen J. P. Hamaker T. Hassall ¹¹ M. Hoeft ²² H. Holties ¹ A. Horneffer A. van Der Horst A. van Houwelingen ²⁶ A. Huijgen M. Iacobelli ^{27, 28} H. Intema N. Jackson V. Jelic ²⁹ A. de Jong ¹ E. Juette ³⁰ D. Kant A. Karastergiou ³¹ A. Koers ³² H. Kollen V. I. Kondratiev ¹ E. Kooistra y. Koopman A. Koster M. Kuniyoshi ⁷ M. Kramer ³³ G. Kuper ¹ P. Lambropoulos ¹ C. Law ² J. van Leeuwen ³ J. Lemaitre M. Loose ³⁴ P. Maat ¹ G. Macario S. Markoff ² J. Masters ³⁵ D. Mckay-Bukowski ³⁶ H. Meijering H. Meulman ¹ M. Mevius ¹ E. Middelberg R. Millenaar J. C. A. Miller-Jones ² R. N. Mohan ³⁷ J. D. Mol ³⁸ J. Morawietz R. Morganti ^{18, 1} D. D. Mulcahy E. Mulder ³⁹ H. Munk ¹ L. Nieuwenhuis R. van Nieuwpoort J. E. Noordam ¹ M. Norden A. Noutsos ⁷ A. R. Offringa H. Olofsson ⁴⁰ A. Omar ^{1, 41} E. Orrú R. Overeem H. Paas ¹ M. Pandey-Pommier ⁴² V. N. Pandey R. Pizzo ¹ A. Polatidis ¹ D. Rafferty ⁴³ S. Rawlings W. Reich ⁷ J. -P. de Reijer J. Reitsma ⁴⁴ A. Renting P. Riemers E. Rol ² J. W. Romein J. Roosjen M. Ruiter A. Scaife ⁴⁵ K. van Der Schaaf B. Scheers ² P. Schellart ⁵ A. Schoenmakers G. Schoonderbeek M. Serylak ^{25, 46} A. Shulevski J. Sluman ¹ O. Smirnov ⁴⁷ C. Sobey ⁷ H. Spreeuw ² M. Steinmetz C. G. M. Sterks ⁴⁸ H. -J. Stiepel K. Stuurwold Michel Tagger ²⁵ y. Tang ⁴⁹ C. Tasse ⁵⁰ I. Thomas ⁵¹ S. Thoudam ⁵ M. C. Toribio ⁵² B. van Der Tol O. Usov M. van Veelen A. -J. van Der Veen ⁵³ S. ter Veen ⁵⁴ J. P. W. Verbiest ⁷ R. Vermeulen N. Vermaas C. Vocks C. Vogt M. de Vos E. van Der Wal R. van Weeren ^{1, 55} H. Weggemans P. Weltevrede ¹¹ S. White S. J. Wijnholds ¹ T. Wilhelmsson O. Wucknitz ⁵⁶ S. yatawatta ¹⁸ P. Zarka ⁵⁰ A. Zensus J. van Zwieten

1 ASTRON - Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy

2 AI PANNEKOEK - Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek

3 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam]

4 Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

5 Radboud university [Nijmegen]

6 LCPM - Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire

7 MPIFR - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie

8 University of Southampton

9 AIP - Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam

10 Leiden Observatory [Leiden]

11 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics

12 Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

13 Medical Center Haaglanden

14 SRON - SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

15 University of Edinburgh

16 Jacobs University [Bremen]

17 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology

18 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen]

19 Department of Reproduction and Development

20 London Institute for Mathematical Sciences

21 Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Leiden, The Netherlands

22 TLS - Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg

23 LRGP - Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés

24 Medstar Research Institute

25 LPC2E - Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace

26 Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience

27 Sapienza University of Rome - Dipartimento di Matematica "Guido Castelnuovo" [Roma I]

28 CMLS - Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz

29 UMR PVBMT - Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical

30 Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum]

31 Oxford Astrophysics

32 Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling

33 VUMC - Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre

34 Queen's Medical Centre

35 NRAO - National Radio Astronomy Observatory

36 University of Oulu

37 Department of Economics

38 Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname CELOS and Department of Biology

39 DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine

40 OSO - Onsala Space Observatory

41 GFI / BiU - Geophysical Institute [Bergen]

42 CRAL - Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon

43 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState]

44 AMC - Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam]

45 School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton]

46 USN - Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay

47 Rhodes University, Grahamstown

48 Center for Information Technology CIT

49 PASTEUR - Processus d'Activation Sélective par Transfert d'Energie Uni-électronique ou Radiatif (UMR 8640)

50 LESIA - Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique

51 Center for Operations and Econometrics

52 Finca El Encin

53 EINDHOVEN - Surgery - Department of Surgery

54 IMAPP - Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics

55 CfA - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

56 AlfA - Argelander-Institut für Astronomie

Abstract : LOFAR, the LOw-Frequency ARray, is a new-generation radio interferometer constructed in the north of the Netherlands and across europe. Utilizing a novel phased-array design, LOFAR covers the largely unexplored low-frequency range from 10-240 MHz and provides a number of unique observing capabilities. Spreading out from a core located near the village of Exloo in the northeast of the Netherlands, a total of 40 LOFAR stations are nearing completion. A further five stations have been deployed throughout Germany, and one station has been built in each of France, Sweden, and the UK. Digital beam-forming techniques make the LOFAR system agile and allow for rapid repointing of the telescope as well as the potential for multiple simultaneous observations. With its dense core array and long interferometric baselines, LOFAR achieves unparalleled sensitivity and angular resolution in the low-frequency radio regime. The LOFAR facilities are jointly operated by the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) foundation, as an observatory open to the global astronomical community. LOFAR is one of the first radio observatories to feature automated processing pipelines to deliver fully calibrated science products to its user community. LOFAR's new capabilities, techniques and modus operandi make it an important pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). We give an overview of the LOFAR instrument, its major hardware and software components, and the core science objectives that have driven its design. In addition, we present a selection of new results from the commissioning phase of this new radio observatory.

Keywords : radio lines: general radio continuum: general telescopes reionization instrumentation: interferometers -radio continuum: general -radio lines: general -dark ages instrumentation: interferometers first stars - telescopes

Document type :

Journal articles

Domain :

Sciences of the Universe [physics]

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