M. S. Briggs, First results on terrestrial gamma ray flashes from the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.111, issue.20, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

S. Celestin and V. P. Pasko, Energy and fluxes of thermal runaway electrons produced by exponential growth of streamers during the stepping of lightning leaders and in transient luminous events, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.49, issue.21, pp.10-129, 2011.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.49.5574

S. Celestin, W. Xu, and V. P. Pasko, Terrestrial gamma ray flashes with energies up to 100 MeV produced by nonequilibrium acceleration of electrons in lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.39, issue.1, pp.531510-1029, 2012.
DOI : 10.1029/2012GL051351

J. R. Dwyer, Source mechanisms of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.111, issue.D16, pp.10-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2007JD009248

G. J. Fishman, Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin, Science, vol.264, issue.5163, pp.264-1313, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.264.5163.1313

I. Gallimberti, G. Bacchiega, A. Bondiou-clergerie, and P. Lalande, Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges, Comptes Rendus Physique, vol.3, issue.10, pp.1335-135910, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7

A. V. Gurevich, G. M. Milikh, and R. A. Roussel-dupré, Runaway electron mechanism of air breakdown and preconditioning during a thunderstorm, Physics Letters A, vol.165, issue.5-6, pp.463-46810, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(92)90348-P

A. E. Hedin, Extension of the MSIS Thermosphere Model into the middle and lower atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.88, issue.10, pp.1159-1172, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/90JA02125

P. Krehbiel, X. M. Shao, M. Stanley, G. Gray, C. Mccrary et al., Interferometer observations of natural and triggered lightning at langmuir laboratory, Fall Meet, p.75, 1994.

P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, R. Thomas, T. Marshall, M. Stolzenburg et al., Thunderstorm charge studies using a simple cylindrical charge model, electric field measurements, and lightning mapping observations, Fall Meet, pp.85-108, 2004.

P. R. Krehbiel, J. A. Riousset, V. P. Pasko, R. J. Thomas, W. Rison et al., Upward electrical discharges from??thunderstorms, Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorms, p.233, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo162

P. Lalande, A. Bondiou-clergerie, P. Laroche, A. Eybert-berard, J. Berlandis et al., Leader properties determined with triggered lightning techniques, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.94, issue.D3, pp.109-1410, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02492

P. Laroche, V. Idone, A. Eybert-berard, and L. Barret, Observations of bi-directional leader development in a triggered lightning flash, 1991 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, pp.57-58, 1991.

X. S. Liu and P. R. , The initial streamer of intracloud lightning flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.86, issue.D4, pp.6211-6218, 1985.
DOI : 10.1029/JD090iD04p06211

G. Lu, Lightning mapping observation of a terrestrial gammaray flash, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.37, pp.10-1029, 2010.

G. Lu, S. A. Cummer, J. Li, F. Han, D. M. Smith et al., Characteristics of broadband lightning emissions associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.111, issue.D7, pp.10-1029, 2011.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

M. Marisaldi, Detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes up to 40 MeV by the AGILE satellite, A00E13, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200810527

T. C. Marshall, M. Stolzenburg, C. R. Maggio, L. M. Coleman, P. R. Krehbiel et al., Observed electric fields associated with lightning initiation, Observed electric fields associated with lightning initiation, p.3813, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL021802

V. Mazur, A physical model of lightning initiation on aircraft in thunderstorms, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, issue.2513, pp.3326-3340, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/JD094iD03p03326

T. Ogawa and M. Brook, The mechanism of the intracloud lightning discharge, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.238, issue.24, p.5141, 1964.
DOI : 10.1029/JZ069i024p05141

W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, 1992.

D. E. Proctor, VHF radio pictures of cloud flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.83, issue.C6, pp.4041-4071, 1981.
DOI : 10.1029/JC086iC05p04041

J. A. Riousset, V. P. Pasko, P. R. Krehbiel, R. J. Thomas, and W. Rison, Three-dimensional fractal modeling of intracloud lightning discharge in a New Mexico thunderstorm and comparison with lightning mapping observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.51, issue.6, p.15203, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD007621

J. A. Riousset, V. P. Pasko, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, and M. A. Stanley, Modeling of thundercloud screening charges: Implications for blue and gigantic jets, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.1, issue.47, pp.0-10, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JA000429

X. M. Shao and P. R. , The spatial and temporal development of intracloud lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.86, issue.D21, pp.641-26668, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD01803

X. M. Shao, C. T. Rhodes, and D. N. Holden, RF radiation observations of positive cloud-to-ground flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.23, issue.44, pp.9601-960810, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900036

X. M. Shao, T. Hamlin, and D. M. Smith, A closer examination of terrestrial gamma-ray flash-related lightning processes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.111, issue.D4, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

D. M. Smith, L. I. Lopez, R. P. Lin, and C. P. Barrington-leigh, Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes Observed up to 20 MeV, Science, vol.307, issue.5712, pp.1085-1088, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1107466

D. M. Smith, B. J. Hazelton, B. W. Grefenstette, J. R. Dwyer, R. H. Holzworth et al., Terrestrial gamma ray flashes correlated to storm phase and tropopause height, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.32, issue.D17, pp.0-4910, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

M. E. Splitt, S. M. Lazarus, D. Barnes, J. R. Dwyer, H. K. Rassoul et al., Thunderstorm characteristics associated with RHESSI identified terrestrial gamma ray flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.111, issue.612, pp.0-3810, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

M. Stanley, A 47-stroke triggered lightning discharge, Fall Meet, p.75, 1994.

M. A. Stanley, X. Shao, D. M. Smith, L. I. Lopez, M. B. Pongratz et al., A link between terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and intracloud lightning discharges, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.84, issue.D13, p.680310, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL025537

M. Tavani, Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes as Powerful Particle Accelerators, Physical Review Letters, vol.106, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.018501

E. Williams, Lightning flashes conducive to the production and escape of gamma radiation to space, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.26, issue.16, pp.10-1029, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

W. Xu, S. Celestin, and V. P. Pasko, Source altitudes of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes produced by lightning leaders, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.111, issue.5163, pp.10-1029, 2012.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006447

S. Yoshida, Three-dimensional imaging of upward positive leaders in triggered lightning using VHF broadband digital interferometers, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.51, issue.D4, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2009GL042065