Geochemistry and oxygen isotope composition of main-group pallasites and olivine-rich clasts in mesosiderites: Implications for the " Great Dunite Shortage " and HED-mesosiderite connection

R. C. Greenwood (1) , Jean-Alix J-A Barrat (2) , Edward R.D. Scott (3) , Henning Haack (4) , Paul Buchanan (5) , Ian A. Franchi (1) , Akira Yamaguchi (6) , Diane Johnson (1) , Alex Bevan (7) , T.H. Burbine (8)

1 PSS - Planetary and Space Sciences [Milton Keynes]
2 LDO - Domaines Océaniques
3 HIGP - Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology
4 STARPLAN - Centre for Star and Planet Formation
5 Chemistry and Geology
6 Department of Ocean Floor Geoscience, Ocean Research Institute
7 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Perth]
8 Department of Astronomy of the Mount Holyoke College

Evidence from iron meteorites indicates that a large number of differentiated planetesimals formed early in Solar System history. These bodies should have had welldeveloped olivine-rich mantles and consequentially such materials ought to be abundant both as asteroids and meteorites, which they are not. To investigate this “Great Dunite Shortage” we have undertaken a geochemical and oxygen isotope study of main-group pallasites and dunitic rocks from mesosiderites. Oxygen isotope analysis of 24 main-group pallasites (103 replicates) yielded a mean 17O value of -0.187±0.016‰ (2 ), which is fully resolved from the HED 17O value of -0.246 ± 0.014 (2 ) obtained in our earlier study and demonstrates that both groups represent distinct populations and were derived from separate parent bodies. Our results show no evidence for 17O bimodality within the main-group pallasites, as suggested by a number of previous studies. Olivine-rich materials from the Vaca Muerta, Mount Padbury and Lamont mesosiderites, and from two related dunites (NWA 2968 and NWA 3329), have 17O values within error of the mesosiderite average. This indicates that these olivine-rich materials are co-genetic with other mesosiderite clasts and are not fragments from an isotopically distinct pallasite-like impactor. Despite its extreme lithologic diversity the mesosiderite parent body was essentially homogeneous with respect to 17O, a feature best explained by an early phase of large-scale melting (magma ocean), followed by prolonged igneous differentiation. Based on the results of magma ocean modeling studies, we infer that Mg-rich olivines in mesosiderites formed as cumulates in high-level chambers and do not represent samples of the underlying mantle. By analogy, recently documented Mg-rich olivines in howardites may have a similar origin. Although the Dawn mission did not detect mesosiderite-like material on Vesta, evidence linking the mesosiderites and HEDs includes: i) their nearly identical oxygen isotope compositions; ii) the presence in both of coarse-grained Mg-rich olivines; iii) both have synchronous Lu-Hf and Mn-Cr ages; iv) there are compositional similarities between the metal in both; and v) mesosiderite-like material has been identified in a howardite breccia. The source of the mesosiderites remains an outstanding question in meteorite science. The underrepresentation of olivine-rich materials amongst both asteroids and meteorites results from a range of factors. However, evidence from pallasites and mesosiderites indicates that the most important reason for this olivine shortage lies in the early, catastrophic destruction of planetesimals in the terrestrial planet-forming region and the subsequent preferential loss of their olivine-rich mantles.

Domains: Sciences of the Universe [physics]; Geochemistry

R. C. Greenwood, Jean-Alix J-A Barrat, Edward R.D. Scott, Henning Haack, Paul Buchanan, et al.. Geochemistry and oxygen isotope composition of main-group pallasites and olivine-rich clasts in mesosiderites: Implications for the " Great Dunite Shortage " and HED-mesosiderite connection. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2015, in press. ⟨insu-01178124⟩