ET MODIS, spanning from was derived from MODIS-based phenological and surface variables (e.g., LAI, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, enhanced vegetation index, surface albedo, and land cover) and a daily meteorological reanalysis data set (e.g., radiation and air temperature) from NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) in combination with the Penman-Monteith equation ET AVHRR, spanning from 1983 to 2006, was derived from NOAA-AVHRR Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (NNR) daily surface meteorology, and NASA/Global Energy and Water-cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget Release-3.0 solar radiation in combination with a modified Penman-Monteith equation, 2000. ,
six outputs) was derived from water budgets (equation (1)) using P from PRISM, R from USGS monitoring data, and TWSC from the first-order derivative of GRACE-derived TWSA (see section 3 ,
TWSC is the time derivative of TWSA, which is referred specifically to as dS/dt at the monthly scale. GRACE satellite data from CSR and GRGS analysis centers were used to derive TWSA and TWSC at a monthly scale from for the three regions. CSR and GRGS represent two end-members for GRACE processing. CSR is one of the least constrained solutions [Bettadpur, 2007] and GRGS is one of the most constrained solutions Use of both products provides valuable information on uncertainty in GRACE TWSA. The latest release of CSR data (RL05) was used in the analysis. Details of the processing are provided in supporting information section S2. Uncertainties in GRACE-derived TWSA include: (1) inherent uncertainty in GRACE data and (2) propagation of bias/leakage correction using the additive correction method, due to uncertainties in a priori soil moisture storage (SMS) changes in GLDAS-1. Uncertainties in SMS changes were estimated from the standard deviation of SMS changes among four LSMs (i.e., Noah, Mosaic, VIC, and CLM) in GLDAS-1. All data used in this study are listed in Table 2, 2003. ,
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