M. R. Albert, A. M. Grannas, J. Bottenheim, P. B. Shepson, and F. E. Perron, Processes and properties of snow???air transfer in the high Arctic with application to interstitial ozone at Alert, Canada, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2779-2787, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00118-8

A. Amoroso, F. Domine, G. Esposito, S. Morin, J. Savarino et al., Microorganisms in Dry Polar Snow Are Involved in the Exchanges of Reactive Nitrogen Species with the Atmosphere, Microorganisms in Dry Polar Snow Are Involved in the Exchanges of Reactive Nitrogen Species with the Atmosphere, pp.714-719, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/es9027309
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00553562

P. A. Ariya and M. Amyot, New Directions: The role of bioaerosols in atmospheric chemistry and physics, Atmospheric Environment, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1231-1232, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.006

P. A. Ariya, J. Sun, N. A. Eltouny, E. D. Hudson, C. T. Hayes et al., Physical and chemical characterization of bioaerosols ??? Implications for nucleation processes, International Reviews in Physical Chemistry, vol.153, issue.1, pp.1-3210, 1080.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00043-X

L. A. Barrie, J. W. Bottenheim, R. C. Schnell, P. J. Crutzen, and R. A. Rasmussen, Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature, vol.334, issue.6178, pp.138-141, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/334138a0

E. A. Betterton and M. R. Hoffmann, Henry's law constants of some environmentally important aldehydes, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.22, issue.12, pp.1415-1418, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/es00177a004

J. W. Bottenheim, A. G. Gallant, and K. A. Brice, at 82?? N latitude, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.20, issue.2, pp.113-116, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/GL013i002p00113

H. Boudries, J. W. Bottenheim, C. Guimbaud, A. M. Grannas, P. B. Shepson et al., Distribution and trends of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the high Arctic derived from measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer and interstitial snow air during the ALERT2000 field campaign, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2573-2583, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00122-X

J. F. Burkhart, M. A. Hutterli, and R. C. Bales, Partitioning of formaldehyde between air and ice at ???35??C to ???5??C, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.13, pp.2157-2163, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00221-2

S. C. Colbeck, An overview of seasonal snow metamorphism, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.7, issue.55, pp.45-61, 1982.
DOI : 10.1029/RG020i001p00045

S. C. Colbeck, The layered character of snow covers, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.17, issue.4, pp.81-96, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/90RG02351

T. L. Couch, A. L. Sumner, T. M. Dassau, P. B. Shepson, and R. E. Honrath, An investigation of the interaction of carbonyl compounds with the snowpack, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.13, issue.15, pp.2241-2244, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL011288

. Domine, Acetaldehyde in the Alaskan subarctic snowpack Characterization of the organic composition of aerosols from Rondônia, Brazil, during the LBA- SMOCC 2002 experiment and its representation through model compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.6375, pp.375-402, 2006.

J. E. Dibb and M. Arsenault, Shouldn???t snowpacks be sources of monocarboxylic acids?, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2513-2522, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00131-0

F. Domine, E. Thibert, E. Silvente, M. Legrand, and J. L. Jaffrezo, Determining past atmospheric HCl mixing ratios from ice core analyses, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, vol.16, issue.2, pp.165-186, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00696579

F. Domine and E. Thibert, Mechanism of incorporation of trace gases in ice grown from the gas phase, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.30, issue.24, pp.3627-3630, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96GL03290

F. Domine, A. Cabanes, and L. Legagneux, Structure, microphysics, and surface area of the Arctic snowpack near Alert during the ALERT 2000 campaign, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2753-2765, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00108-5

F. Domine and P. B. Shepson, Air-Snow Interactions and Atmospheric Chemistry, Science, vol.297, issue.5586, pp.1506-1510, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1074610

F. Domine, A. S. Taillandier, S. Houdier, F. Parrenin, W. R. Simpson et al., Interactions between snow metamorphism and climate: Physical and chemical aspects, in: Physics and Chemistry of Ice, pp.27-46, 2007.

F. Domine, A. S. Taillandier, and W. R. Simpson, A parameterization of the specific surface area of seasonal snow for field use and for models of snowpack evolution, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.20, issue.D17, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JF000512
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00376230

F. Domine, M. Albert, T. Huthwelker, H. Jacobi, A. A. Kokhanovsky et al., Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.8, issue.2, pp.171-208, 2008.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-8-171-2008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328560

A. Gattinger, A. Gunther, M. Schloter, and J. C. Munich, Characterisation of Archaea in Soils by Polar Lipid Analysis, Acta Biotechnologica, vol.23, issue.1, pp.21-28, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/abio.200390003

P. S. Gill, T. E. Graedel, and C. J. Weschler, Organic films on atmospheric aerosol particles, fog droplets, cloud droplets, raindrops, and snowflakes, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.5, issue.5, pp.903-920, 1983.
DOI : 10.1029/RG021i004p00903

E. R. Graber and Y. Rudich, Atmospheric HULIS: How humiclike are they? A comprehensive and critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.6729, issue.6, pp.729-753, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295856

A. M. Grannas, P. B. Shepson, C. Guimbaud, A. L. Sumner, M. Albert et al., A study of photochemical and physical processes affecting carbonyl compounds in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2733-2742, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00134-6

A. M. Grannas, P. B. Shepson, and T. R. Filley, Photochemistry and nature of organic matter in Arctic and Antarctic snow, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.28, issue.D2, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GB002133

A. M. Grannas, A. E. Jones, J. Dibb, M. Ammann, C. Anastasio et al., An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.74329, issue.7, pp.4329-4373, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328056

C. Guimbaud, A. M. Grannas, P. B. Shepson, J. D. Fuentes, H. Boudries et al., Snowpack processing of acetaldehyde and acetone in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2743-2752, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00107-3

M. I. Guzman, M. R. Hoffmann, and A. J. Colussi, Photolysis of pyruvic acid in ice: Possible relevance to CO and CO 2 ice core record anomalies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, pp.10-1029, 2007.

L. Hanot and F. Domine, Evolution of the Surface Area of a Snow Layer, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.33, issue.23, pp.4250-4255, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/es9811288

S. Houdier, M. Legrand, D. Boturyn, S. Croze, E. Defrancq et al., A new fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of carbonyl compounds, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.382, issue.3, pp.253-263, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00722-3

S. Houdier, S. Perrier, E. Defrancq, L. , and M. , A new fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of carbonyl compounds: sensitivity improvement and application to environmental water samples, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.412, issue.1-2, pp.221-233, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00875-2

S. Houdier, S. Perrier, F. Domine, A. Cabanes, L. Legagneux et al., Acetaldehyde and acetone in the Arctic snowpack during the ALERT2000 campaign. Snowpack composition, incorporation processes and atmospheric impact, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2609-2618, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00109-7

M. A. Hutterli, R. Rothlisberger, and R. C. Bales, Atmosphere-to-snow-to-firn transfer studies of HCHO at Summit, Greenland, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.349, issue.12, pp.1691-1694, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL900327

M. A. Hutterli, R. C. Bales, J. R. Mcconnell, and R. W. Stewart, HCHO in Antarctic snow: Preservation in ice cores and air-snow exchange, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.398, issue.D9, pp.10-1029, 1235.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL014256

H. W. Jacobi, M. M. Frey, M. A. Hutterli, R. C. Bales, O. Schrems et al., Measurements of hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde exchange between the atmosphere and surface snow at Summit, Greenland, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2619-2628, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00106-1

M. S. Jang, N. M. Czoschke, S. Lee, and R. M. Kamens, Heterogeneous Atmospheric Aerosol Production by Acid-Catalyzed Particle-Phase Reactions, Science, vol.298, issue.5594, pp.298-814, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1075798

M. Kalberer, D. Paulsen, M. Sax, M. Steinbacher, J. Dommen et al., Identification of Polymers as Major Components of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols, Science, vol.303, issue.5664, pp.1659-1662, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1092185

T. E. King and V. H. Cheldelin, Pyruvic carboxylase of acetobacter-suboxydans, J. Biol. Chem, vol.208, pp.821-831, 1954.

Y. Koga and H. Morii, Biosynthesis of Ether-Type Polar Lipids in Archaea and Evolutionary Considerations, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.71, issue.1, pp.97-12000033, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.00033-06

D. J. Lary and D. E. Shallcross, Central role of carbonyl compounds in atmospheric chemistry, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.125, issue.D15, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD901184

L. Legagneux, A. Cabanes, and F. Domine, Measurement of the specific surface area of 176 snow samples using methane adsorption at 77 K, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.17, issue.D17, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001016

S. M. Li, A. M. Macdonald, A. Leithead, W. R. Leaitch, W. M. Gong et al., Investigation of carbonyls in cloudwater during ICARTT, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.51, issue.D1, pp.1720610-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2007JD009364

R. Mabilia, D. Palo, V. Cassardo, C. Ciuchini, C. Pasini et al., Measurements of lower Carbonyls and Hydrocarbons at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Annali di Chimica, vol.26, issue.10, pp.1027-1037, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/adic.200790087

R. L. Mauldin, F. L. Eisele, D. J. Tanner, E. Kosciuch, R. Shetter et al., , and MSA at the South Pole during ISCAT, Measurements of OH, H 2 SO 4 , and MSA at the South Pole during ISCAT, pp.3629-3632, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000GL012711

R. R. Michelsen, S. F. Ashbourn, and L. Iraci, Dissolution, speciation, and reaction of acetaldehyde in cold sulfuric acid, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.97, issue.25, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD005041

L. J. Monrozier, P. Guez, A. Chalamet, R. Bardin, J. Martins et al., Distribution of microorganisms and fate of xenobiotic molecules in unsaturated soil environments, Science of The Total Environment, vol.136, issue.1-2, pp.121-133, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(93)90302-M

B. Noziere and D. D. Riemer, The chemical processing of gas-phase carbonyl compounds by sulfuric acid aerosols: 2,4-pentanedione, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.6, pp.841-851, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00934-2

B. Noziere and A. Cordova, A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Amino Acid Catalyzed Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde in Aqueous and Salt Solutions, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.112, issue.13, pp.2827-2837, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/jp7096845

B. Noziere, P. Dziedzic, and A. Cordova, ), The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.113, issue.1, pp.231-23710, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp8078293

S. Perrier, S. Houdier, F. Domine, A. Cabanes, L. Legagneux et al., Formaldehyde in Arctic snow. Incorporation into ice particles and evolution in the snowpack, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2695-2705, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00110-3

S. Perrier, P. Sassin, and F. Domine, Diffusion and solubility of HCHO in ice: preliminary results, Canadian Journal of Physics, vol.81, issue.1-2, pp.319-32410, 2003.
DOI : 10.1139/p03-033

M. Petitjean, P. Mirabel, L. Calve, and S. , in the Temperature Range 203???253 K, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.113, issue.17, pp.5091-5098, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp810131f

P. B. Shepson, A. P. Sirju, J. F. Hopper, L. A. Barrie, V. Young et al., Sources and sinks of carbonyl compounds in the Arctic Ocean boundary layer: Polar ice floe experiment, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.99, issue.18, pp.21081-21089, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD02032

F. Snyder, The ether lipid trail: a historical perspective, Bba.-Mol. Cell Biol. L, vol.1436, pp.265-278, 1999.

O. Sokolov and J. P. Abbatt, -Alcohols (Ethanol to 1-Hexanol), Acetic Acid, and Hexanal, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.106, issue.5, pp.775-78210, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jp013291m
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00212231

R. A. Sommerfeld and E. Lachapelle, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.2, issue.55, pp.3-17, 1970.
DOI : 10.1080/14786436408229184

M. Sturm and J. B. Johnson, Natural convection in the subarctic snow cover, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.7, issue.4, pp.11657-11671, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/91JB00895

M. Sturm, J. Holmgren, and G. E. Liston, A Seasonal Snow Cover Classification System for Local to Global Applications, Journal of Climate, vol.8, issue.5, pp.1261-1283, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1261:ASSCCS>2.0.CO;2

M. Sturm and C. S. Benson, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.36, issue.143, pp.42-59, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/WR022i005p00591

A. L. Sumner and P. B. Shepson, Snowpack production of formaldehyde and its effect on the Arctic troposphere, Nature, vol.398, pp.230-233, 1999.

A. L. Swanson, N. J. Blake, J. E. Dibb, M. R. Albert, D. R. Blake et al., Photochemically induced production of CH3Br, CH3I, C2H5I, ethene, and propene within surface snow at Summit, Greenland, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2671-2682, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00127-9

A. S. Taillandier, F. Domine, W. R. Simpson, M. Sturm, T. A. Douglas et al., Evolution of the Snow Area Index of the Subarctic Snowpack in Central Alaska over a Whole Season. Consequences for the Air to Snow Transfer of Pollutants, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.40, issue.24, pp.7521-7527, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/es060842j
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00375771

A. S. Taillandier, F. Domine, W. R. Simpson, M. Sturm, D. et al., Rate of decrease of the specific surface area of dry snow: Isothermal and temperature gradient conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.20, issue.D17, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JF000514
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00377486

E. Thibert and F. Domine, Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Solid Solution of HCl in Ice, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.18, pp.3554-3565, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jp962115o

E. Thibert, F. Domine, D. Van-pinxteren, A. Plewka, D. Hofmann et al., in Ice, Schmucke hill cap cloud and valley stations aerosol characterisation during FEBUKO (II): Organic compounds, pp.4432-4439, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/jp980569a

R. Wood and K. Healy, Liberation of aldehydes from alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers by acid hydrolysis, Lipids, vol.3, issue.7, pp.661-663, 1970.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02531346

J. Yang, R. E. Honrath, M. C. Peterson, J. E. Dibb, A. L. Sumner et al., Impacts of snowpack emissions on deduced levels of OH and peroxy radicals at Summit, Greenland, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.15-16, pp.2523-2534, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00128-0