P. Martinerie, Halocarbon budgets using polar firn data and Geophysics, It was supported by Funding Agencies in Denmark (SNF), Belgium (FNRS-CFB)

(. France, I. /. Ifrtp, and . Cnrs, Japan (MEXT), Sweden (SPRS) Switzerland (SNF) and the United States of America (NSF) The Berkner Island drilling was organized and conducted by the British Antarctic Survey with funding from the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) Firn air analysis at Dronning Maud Land and Dome C contribute to the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), a joint ESF/EC scientific programme, funded by the EC under the Environment and Climate Programme and the United Kingdom. The fieldwork at Dome C was also supported by the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) and the ENEA Antarctic Project (Italy), Germany (AWI), Iceland (RannIs)ENV4-CT95-0074) and by national contributions from Belgium The page charges for this article were covered by the Copernicus ? Institut National des Sciences de L'Univers (INSU) component of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) contract, 1994.

M. Battle, . Bender, T. Sowers, P. P. Tans, J. H. Butler et al., Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole, Nature, vol.383, issue.6597, pp.231-235, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/383231a0

G. Brasseur, M. H. Hitchman, S. Walters, M. Dymek, E. Falise et al., An interactive chemical dynamical radiative two-dimensional model of the middle atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, issue.37, pp.5639-5655, 1990.
DOI : 10.1029/JD095iD05p05639

J. H. Butler, M. Battle, M. L. Bender, S. A. Montzka, A. D. Clarke et al., A record of atmospheric halocarbons during the twentieth century from polar firn air, Nature, vol.399, issue.6738, pp.749-755, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/21586

D. A. Deeds, M. K. Vollmer, J. T. Kulongoski, B. R. Miller, J. Mühle et al., Evidence for crustal degassing of CF4 and SF6 in Mojave Desert groundwaters, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.72, issue.4, pp.999-1013, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.027

W. B. Demore, S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo et al., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Evaluation Number, vol.12, pp.97-101, 1997.

J. W. Elkins, J. H. Butler, D. F. Hurst, S. A. Montzka, F. L. Moore et al., Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species Group, p.16, 1998.

A. Engel, U. Schmidt, and D. Mckenna, Stratospheric trends of CFC-12 over the past two decades: Recent observational evidence of declining growth rates, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.100, issue.17, pp.3319-3322, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98GL02520

A. Fabre, J. Barnola, L. Arnaud, C. , and J. , Determination of gas diffusivity in polar firn: Comparison between experimental measurements and inverse modeling, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.5, issue.D6, pp.557-560, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL010780

E. R. Gilliland, Diffusion Coefficients in Gaseous Systems, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol.26, issue.6, pp.681-685, 1934.
DOI : 10.1021/ie50294a020

L. K. Gohar and K. P. Shine, Equivalent CO 2 and its use in understanding the climate effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations , Weather, pp.307-311, 2007.

J. Hansen and M. Sato, Greenhouse gas growth rates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.16109-16114, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0406982101

J. Hansen and M. Sato, Forcings in GISS Climate Model: Well- Mixed Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases, p.15, 2005.

J. D. Happell and M. P. Roche, Soils: A global sink of atmospheric carbon tetrachloride, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.107, issue.D20, pp.10-1029, 1088.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001267

D. J. Jacob, M. J. Prather, S. C. Wolfsy, and M. B. Mcelroy, Kr simulated with a general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.88, issue.D6, pp.6614-6626, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JD092iD06p06614

I. Levin and V. Hesshaimer, ), Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.23, issue.D11, pp.16745-16755, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD01058

T. Machida, T. Nakazawa, Y. Fujii, S. Aoki, and O. Watanabe, Increase in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 250 years, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.8, issue.21, pp.2921-2924, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95GL02822

S. Madronich, Environmental effects of UV (ultraviolet) radiation , chap. UV radiation in the natural and perturbed atmosphere, Boca Raton, pp.17-69, 1993.

M. Maiss and C. A. Brenninkmeijer, :?? Trends, Sources, and Prospects, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.32, issue.20, pp.3077-3086, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/es9802807

M. Maiss and C. A. Brenninkmeijer, A reversed trend in emissions of SF 6 into the atmosphere?, in: Non CO 2 greenhouse gases: scientific understanding, control and implementation, Proc. 2nd international symp, pp.199-204, 2000.

M. Maiss, L. P. Steele, R. J. Francey, P. J. Fraser, R. L. Langenfelds et al., Sulfur hexafluoride???A powerful new atmospheric tracer, Atmospheric Environment, vol.30, issue.10-11, pp.1621-1629, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00425-4

P. Martinerie, D. Raynaud, D. M. Etheridge, J. Barnola, and D. Mazaudier, Physical and climatic parameters which influence the air content in polar ice, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.112, issue.1-4, pp.1-13, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90002-D

P. Martinerie, G. P. Brasseur, and C. Granier, The chemical composition of ancient atmospheres: A model study constrained by ice core data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.7, issue.1, pp.14291-14304, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD00826

A. Mcculloch, P. Ashford, and P. M. Midgley, Historic emissions of fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11) based on a market survey, Atmospheric Environment, vol.35, issue.26, pp.4387-4397, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00249-7

A. Mcculloch, P. M. Midgley, and P. Ashford, Releases of refrigerant gases (CFC-12, HCFC-22 and HFC-134a) to the atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.7, pp.889-902, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00975-5

S. A. Montzka, J. H. Butler, J. W. Elkins, T. M. Thompson, A. D. Clarke et al., Present and future trends in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting halogens, Nature, pp.398-690, 1999.

D. E. Oram, Trends of long-lived anthropogenic halocarbons in the Southern Hemisphere and model calculations of global emissions, 1999.

R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical engineers' handbook, Journal of Chemical Education, vol.27, issue.9, 1973.
DOI : 10.1021/ed027p533.1

R. G. Prinn, D. M. Cunnold, R. Rasmussen, P. G. Simmonds, F. N. Alyea et al., Atmospheric emissions and trends of nitrous oxide deduced from 10 years of ALE???GAGE data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.3, issue.D11, pp.18369-18385, 1990.
DOI : 10.1029/JD095iD11p18369

R. G. Prinn, R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold et al., A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.23, issue.D14, pp.17751-17792, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900141

W. J. Randel, Global atmospheric circulation statistics, Natl. Cent. For Atmos. Res, pp.1000-1001, 1987.

A. R. Ravishankara, S. Solomon, A. A. Turnipseed, W. , and R. F. , Atmospheric Lifetimes of Long-Lived Halogenated Species, Science, vol.259, issue.5092, pp.194-199, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.259.5092.194

V. Rommelaere, L. Arnaud, and J. Barnola, Reconstructing recent atmospheric trace gas concentrations from polar firn and bubbly ice data by inverse methods, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.102, issue.D25, pp.30069-30083, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02653

J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, and A. Sigg, Air Mixing in Firn and the Age of the Air at Pore Close-Off, Annals of Glaciology, vol.6, pp.141-145, 1988.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00275.x

J. Schwander, J. Barnola, C. Andrie, M. Leuenberger, A. Ludin et al., The age of the air in the firn and the ice at Summit, Greenland, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.60, issue.D4, pp.2831-2838, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD02383

P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold, R. F. Weiss, R. G. Prinn, P. J. Fraser et al., from in situ background observations from July 1978 to June 1996, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.15, issue.D13, pp.16017-16027, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD01022

W. T. Sturges, T. J. Wallington, M. D. Hurley, K. P. Shine, K. Sihra et al., A Potent Greenhouse Gas Identified in the Atmosphere: SF5CF3, A Potent Greenhouse Gas Identified in the Atmosphere: SF 5 CF 3, pp.611-613, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.289.5479.611

W. T. Sturges, H. P. Mcintyre, S. A. Penkett, J. Chappellaz, J. Barnola et al., Methyl bromide, other brominated methanes, and methyl iodide in polar firn air, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.30, issue.10/11, pp.1595-1606, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900511

G. A. Sturrock, D. M. Etheridge, C. M. Trudinger, P. J. Fraser, and A. M. Smith, Atmospheric histories of halocarbons from analysis of Antarctic firn air: Major Montreal Protocol species, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.314, issue.D24, pp.476510-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002548

C. M. Trudinger, I. G. Enting, D. M. Etheridge, R. J. Francey, V. A. Levchenko et al., Modeling air movement and bubble trapping in firn, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.23, issue.D6, pp.6747-6763, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03382

C. M. Trudinger, D. M. Etheridge, P. J. Rayner, I. G. Enting, and . Www, atmos-chem-phys, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.9, issue.3911, pp.3911-3934, 2009.

P. Martinerie, Halocarbon budgets using polar firn data Reconstructing atmospheric histories from measurements of air composition in firn, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, pp.478010-1029, 2002.

G. J. Velders, S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. Mcfarland, The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.4814-4819, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0610328104

C. M. Volk, J. W. Elkins, D. W. Fahey, G. S. Dutton, J. M. Gilligan et al., Evaluation of source gas lifetimes from stratospheric observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.88, issue.D21, pp.25543-25564, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02215

M. K. Vollmer and R. F. Weiss, Simultaneous determination of sulfur hexafluoride and three chlorofluorocarbons in water and air, Marine Chemistry, vol.78, issue.2-3, pp.137-148, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00015-4

W. Wang, G. Shi, and J. Kiehl, into the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model, O, CF 2 Cl 2 , and CFCl 3 into the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, pp.9097-9103, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/89JD01596

D. R. Worton, W. T. Sturges, L. K. Gohar, K. P. Shine, P. Martinerie et al., Inferred from Firn Air, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.41, issue.7, pp.2184-2189, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/es061710t
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327808

S. A. Yvon-lewis and J. H. Butler, Effect of oceanic uptake on atmospheric lifetimes of selected trace gases, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.129, issue.3, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001267

R. Zander, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, and F. Melen, Long-term evolution of the loading of CH 4 , N 2 O, CO, CCl 2 F 2 , CHClF 2 , and SF 6 above central Europe during the last 15 years The Netherlands, Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control , and Implementation, Proc. 2nd International Symp, pp.211-216, 2000.

P. H. Zimmermann, J. Feichter, H. K. Rath, P. J. Crutzen, and W. Weiss, A global three-dimensional source-receptor model investigation using 85Kr, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.23, issue.1, pp.25-35, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90094-2