T. Bariac, J. Gonzalez-dunia, N. Katerji, O. Béthenod, J. Bertolini et al., Spatial variation of the isotopic composition of water ( 18 O, 2 H) in organs of aerophytic plants: 2. Assessment under field conditions, Chem. Geol, vol.115, pp.317-333, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02710888

T. Bariac, J. Gonzalez-dunia, F. Tardieu, T. Tessier, and D. Mariotti, Spatial variation of the isotopic composition of water ( 18 O, 2 H) in organs of aerophytic plants: 1. Assessment under laboratory conditions, Chem. Geol, vol.115, pp.307-315, 1994.

M. Barreiro, P. Chang, and R. Saravanan, Variability of the south Atlantic convergence zone simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model, J. Clim, vol.15, pp.745-763, 2002.

V. Barros, M. Doyle, M. González, I. Camilloni, R. Bejarán et al., Climate variability over subtropical South America and the South American monsoon: A review, Meteorologica, vol.27, issue.1 -2, pp.33-57, 2003.

H. Björnsson and S. Venegas, A manual for EOF and SVD Analyses of Climate Data, 1997.

R. S. Bradley, M. Vuille, D. Hardy, and L. G. Thompson, Low latitude ice cores record Pacific sea surface temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.30, issue.4, p.1174, 2003.

V. Brahmananda-rao, I. F. Cavalcanti, and K. Hada, Annual variation of rainfall over Brazil and water vapor characteristics over South America, J. Geophys. Res, vol.101, issue.10, pp.539-565, 1996.

L. M. Carvalho, C. Jones, and B. Liebmann, Extreme precipitation events in southeastern South America and large-scale convective patterns in the South Atlantic convergence zone, J. Clim, vol.15, pp.2377-2394, 2002.

L. M. Carvalho, C. Jones, and B. Liebmann, The South Atlantic convergence zone: Intensity, form, persistence, and relationships with intraseasonal to interannual activity and extreme rainfall, J. Clim, vol.17, pp.88-108, 2004.

J. C. Chiang and A. H. Sobel, Tropical Tropospheric Temperature Variations Caused by ENSO and Their Influence on the Remote Tropical Climate, J. Climate, vol.15, pp.2616-2631, 2002.

S. C. Chou, A. M. Nunes, and I. F. Cavalcanti, Extended range forecasts over South America using the regional eta model, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, issue.8, pp.147-157, 2000.

F. W. Cruz, S. J. Burns, I. Karmann, W. D. Sharp, and M. Vuille, Reconstruction of regional atmospheric circulation features during the late Pleistocene in subtropical Brazil from oxygen isotope composition of speleothems, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.248, pp.495-507, 2006.

D. Dommenget and M. Latif, A Cautionary Note on the Interpretation of EOFs, J. Clim, vol.15, pp.216-225, 2002.

M. E. Doyle and V. R. Barros, Midsummer low-level circulation and precipitation in subtropical South America and related sea surface temperature anomalies in the south Atlantic, J. Clim, vol.15, pp.3394-3410, 2002.

M. Gan, V. Kousky, and C. Ropelewski, The South American monsoon circulation and its relationship to rainfall over west-central Brazil, J. Clim, pp.47-66, 2004.

R. Garreaud, Cold air incursions over subtropical and tropical South America. A numerical case study, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.127, pp.2823-2853, 1999.

R. Garreaud, Cold air incursions over Subtropical South America: Mean structure and dynamics, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.128, pp.2544-2559, 2000.

A. Grimm, C. Vera, and C. Mechoso, The South American Monsoon System, Third International Workshop on Monsoons (IWM-III, pp.23-41, 2004.

K. A. Henderson, L. G. Thompson, and P. Lin, Recording of El Niño in ice core d 18 O records from Nevado Huascarán, Peru, J. Geophys. Res, vol.104, issue.13, p.66, 1999.

D. L. Herdies, A. Silva, M. A. Silva-dias, and R. Ferreira, Moisture budget of the bimodal pattern of the summer circulation over South America, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, issue.D20, p.8075, 2002.

G. Hoffmann, Taking the pulse of the tropical water cycle, Science, vol.301, pp.776-777, 2003.

G. Hoffmann, M. Werner, and M. Heimann, Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years, J. Geophys. Res, vol.103, issue.14, pp.871-887, 1998.

G. Hoffmann, Coherent isotope history of Andean ice cores over the last century, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.30, issue.4, p.1179, 2003.

I. A. and W. M. , The Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) database, 2001.

D. Jacob, Comprehensive model intercomparison study investigating the water budget during the BALTEX-PIDCAP period, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys, vol.77, pp.19-43, 2001.

J. Jouzel and L. Merlivat, Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation, J. Geophys. Res, vol.89, pp.749-760, 1984.

K. Lau and J. Zhou, Anomalies of the South American summer monsoon associated with the 1997 -99 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Int. J. Climatol, vol.23, pp.529-539, 2003.

J. D. Lenters and K. Cook, Summertime precipitation variability in South America: Role of the large-scale circulation, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.127, issue.3, pp.409-443, 1999.

D. Majewski, The Europa-Model of the Deutscher Wetterdienst, ECMWF Seminar on numerical methods in atmospheric models, vol.2, pp.147-191, 1991.

M. Majoube, Fractionnement en oxygène 18 et en deutérium entre l'eau et sa vapeur, J. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.1423-1436, 1971.

L. Merlivat and J. Jouzel, Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation, J. Geophys. Res, vol.84, pp.5029-5033, 1979.

J. Nogues-paegle, Progress in Pan American CLIVAR research: Understanding the South American monsoon, vol.27, pp.1-30, 2003.

J. Paegle, L. A. Byerle, and K. C. Mo, Intraseasonal modulation of south American summer precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.128, issue.3, pp.837-850, 2000.

R. T. Pierrehumbert, Huascaran d 18 O as an indicator of tropical climate during the Last Glacial Maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.26, pp.1345-1348, 1999.

E. Ramirez, A new Andean deep ice core from Nevado Illimani (6350 m), vol.212, pp.337-350, 2003.

N. Rayner, D. Parker, E. Horton, C. Folland, and R. Hackett, Version 2.2 of the Global Sea-Ice and Sea Surface Temperature Data Set, Climate Research Technical Note, vol.74, 1903.

R. Rocha and T. Ambrizzi, Regional Climate Model2 simulations of the Low Level Jet East of the Andes, CLIVAR Science Conference, 2004.

E. Roeckner, The atmospheric circulation model ECHAM-4: model description and simulation of the present day climate, p.218, 1996.

M. Rojas and A. Seth, Simulation and sensitivity in a nested modeling system for South America. Part II: GCM boundary forcing, J. Clim, vol.16, pp.2454-2471, 2003.

A. Seth and M. Rojas, Simulation and sensitivity in a nested modeling system for South America. Part I: Reanalyses boundary forcing, J. Clim, vol.16, pp.2437-2453, 2003.

A. Seth, M. Rojas, B. Liebmann, and J. Qian, Daily rainfall analysis for South America from a regional climate model and station observations, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.31, p.7213, 2004.

K. Sturm, G. Hoffmann, B. Langmann, and W. Stichler, Simulation of d 18 O in precipitation by the regional circulation model REMO iso, Hydrol. Processes, vol.19, pp.3425-3444, 2005.

C. Sturm, G. Hoffmann, and B. Langmann, Climatology of stable water isotopes in South America: Comparing general to regional circulation models, J. Clim, 2007.

L. G. Thompson, Ice core evidence for climate change in the Tropics: implications for our future, Quat. Sci. Rev, vol.19, issue.1 -5, pp.19-35, 2000.

L. G. Thompson, E. Mosley-thompson, M. E. Davis, P. Lin, K. A. Henderson et al., Late Glacial Stage and Holocene Tropical Ice Core Records from Huascaran, Science, vol.269, pp.46-50, 1995.

L. G. Thompson, A 25000-Year Tropical Climate History from Bolivian Ice Cores, Science, p.1858, 1998.

L. G. Thompson, E. Mosley-thompson, and K. A. Henderson, Icecore palaeoclimate records in tropical South America since the Last Glacial Maximum, J. Quarter. Sci, vol.15, pp.377-394, 2000.

S. Venegas, Statistical Methods for Signal Detection in Climate, Tech. rep., Danish Center for Earth System Science, 2001.

S. A. Venegas, L. A. Mysak, and D. N. Straub, Atmosphere-ocean coupled variability in the South Atlantic, J. Clim, vol.10, pp.2904-2920, 1997.

C. Vera, Introduction to the SALLJ conference and SALLJEX field campaign, VAMOS/CLIVAR/WCRP Conference on South-American low-level jets, 2002.

C. Vera, Toward a unified view of the American monsoon systems, J. Clim, vol.19, issue.20, pp.4977-5000, 2006.

A. D. Vernekar, B. P. Kirtman, and M. J. Fennessy, Low-level jets and their effects on the South American summer climate as simulated by the NCEP Eta model, J. Clim, vol.16, pp.297-311, 2003.

F. Vimeux, R. Gallaire, S. Bony, G. Hoffmann, and J. Chiang, What are the controls on (D in precipitation in the Zongo Valley (Bolivia)? Implications for the Illimani ice core interpretation, Earth and Planetary Science Lett, 2005.

M. Vuille and M. Werner, Stable isotopes in precipitation recording South American summer monsoon and ENSO variability -Observations and model results, Clim. Dyn, vol.25, issue.4, pp.401-413, 2005.

M. Vuille, R. S. Bradley, R. Healy, M. Werner, D. R. Hardy et al., Modeling d 18 O in precipitation over the tropical Americas: 2. Simulation of the stable isotope signal in Andean ice cores, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.D6, p.4175, 2003.

M. Vuille, R. S. Bradley, M. Werner, R. Healy, and F. Keimig, Modeling d 18 O in precipitation over the tropical Americas: 1. Interannual variability and climatic controls, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.D6, p.4174, 2003.

X. Wang, A. S. Auler, R. L. Edwards, H. Cheng, P. S. Cristalli et al., Wet periods in northeastern Brazil over the past 210kyr linked to distant climate anomalies, Nature, vol.432, pp.740-743, 2004.

M. Werner and M. Heimann, Modeling interannual variability of water isotopes in Greenland and Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. (Atmospheres), vol.107, issue.1, p.1, 2002.

J. Zhou and K. Lau, Does a monsoon climate exist over South America?, J. Clim, vol.11, pp.1020-1040, 1998.

. Àààààààààààààààààààààà-À,

G. Krinner and C. Sturm, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, BP, vol.96

F. Vimeux and . Ird-ur-great-ice, IPSL/LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement)