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F. Je-remercie and . Lelièvre, Alcatel-Lucent) pour sa contribution informatique décisive et des discussions prolifiques J'exprime toute ma gratitude à J.F. Lénat et O. Merle (Magmas et Volcans, Clermont Ferrand, France) pour leurs avis, commentaires et suggestions. Je remercie également F. Perrier dont l'aide théorique et pratique en systémique a permis d'aborder avec sérénité les systèmes complexes " ouverts