Geosynthetic Clay Liner Interaction with Leachate: Correlation between Permeability, Microstructure, and Surface Chemistry
Résumé
When a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) containing sodium bentonite is brought into contact with fluids containing other cations, the latter may exchange with the sodium present between clay layers. This modification of clay surface chemistry may change the clay microstructure and hence its hydraulic conductivity. The influence of clay surface chemistry on microstructure and permeability, after prolonged contact between two GCLs (a natural sodium bentonite GCL and a sodium-activated calcium bentonite GCL) and different fluids in oedometer cells, was investigated using exchangeable-cation analysis, small-angle x-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Results suggest that calcium carbonate in the bentonite, formed during activation of the calcium bentonite, may redissolve during contact with a dilute permeant, releasing calcium ions that exchange with sodium in the clay. This exchange leads to obliteration of a so-called "gel" phase (beneficial in terms of low permeability) and to the development of a more permeable "hydrated-solid" phase. Sodium replacement by calcium during GCL contact with a 0.1 M CaCl2 solution was found to be virtually complete, with or without GCL prehydration with dilute water. No gel phase was observed in these samples. When in contact with real leachate, however, a gel phase appeared, especially when GCL samples were prehydrated. A correlation was observed between the level of hydraulic conductivity and the relative proportions of gel phase and clay interlayer occupation by sodium.