Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodélé Depression, Chad

R. Washington (1) , M.C. Todd (2) , G. Lizcano (1) , I. Tegen (3) , Cyrille Flamant (4) , I. Koren (5) , P. Ginoux (6) , S. Engelstaedter (1) , C.S. Bristow (7) , C.S. Zender (8) , A.S. Goudie (1) , A. Warren (2) , J.M. Prospero (9)

1 OUCE - Oxford University Centre for the Environment
2 Department of geography [London]
3 TROPOS - Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research
4 SA - Service d'aéronomie
5 Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël]
6 GFDL - NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
7 Research School of Earth Sciences [London]
8 ESS - Department of Earth System Science [Irvine]
9 RSMAS - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science

The Bodélé Depression, Chad is the planet's largest single source of dust. Deflation from the Bodélé could be seen as a simple coincidence of two key prerequisites: strong surface winds and a large source of suitable sediment. But here we hypothesise that long term links between topography, winds, deflation and dust ensure the maintenance of the dust source such that these two apparently coincidental key ingredients are connected by land-atmosphere processes with topography acting as the overall controlling agent. We use a variety of observational and numerical techniques, including a regional climate model, to show that: 1) contemporary deflation from the Bodélé is delineated by topography and a surface wind stress maximum; 2) the Tibesti and Ennedi mountains play a key role in the generation of the erosive winds in the form of the Bodélé Low Level Jet (LLJ); 3) enhanced deflation from a stronger Bodélé LLJ during drier phases, for example, the Last Glacial Maximum, was probably sufficient to create the shallow lake in which diatoms lived during wetter phases, such as the Holocene pluvial. Winds may therefore have helped to create the depression in which erodible diatom material accumulated. Instead of a simple coincidence of nature, dust from the world's largest source may result from the operation of long term processes on paleo timescales which have led to ideal conditions for dust generation in the world's largest dust source. Similar processes plausibly operate in other dust hotspots in topographic depressions.

Domaines: Physique Atmosphérique et Océanique [physics.ao-ph]; Océan, Atmosphère

R. Washington, M.C. Todd, G. Lizcano, I. Tegen, Cyrille Flamant, et al.. Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodélé Depression, Chad. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33 (9), pp.L09401. ⟨10.1029/2006GL025827⟩. ⟨hal-00069281⟩