Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies

Elcio Abdalla , Guillermo Franco Abellán (1) , Amin Aboubrahim , Adriano Agnello , Ozgur Akarsu , Yashar Akrami (2, 3) , George Alestas , Daniel Aloni , Luca Amendola , Luis A. Anchordoqui , Richard I. Anderson , Nikki Arendse , Marika Asgari , Mario Ballardini , Vernon Barger , Spyros Basilakos , Ronaldo C. Batista , Elia S. Battistelli , Richard Battye , Micol Benetti , David Benisty , Asher Berlin , Paolo de Bernardis , Emanuele Berti , Bohdan Bidenko , Simon Birrer , John P. Blakeslee , Kimberly K. Boddy , Clecio R. Bom , Alexander Bonilla , Nicola Borghi , François R. Bouchet (4) , Matteo Braglia , Thomas Buchert (5) , Elizabeth Buckley-Geer , Erminia Calabrese , Robert R. Caldwell , David Camarena , Salvatore Capozziello , Stefano Casertano , Geoff C.-F. Chen , Jens Chluba , Angela Chen , Hsin-Yu Chen , Anton Chudaykin , Michele Cicoli , Craig J. Copi , Fred Courbin , Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine , Bozena Czerny , Maria Dainotti , Guido d'Amico , Anne-Christine Davis , Javier Pérez de Cruz , Jaume de Haro , Jacques Delabrouille (6, 7, 8) , Peter B. Denton , Suhail Dhawan , Keith R. Dienes , Eleonora Di Valentino , Pu Du , Dominique Eckert , Celia Escamilla-Rivera , Agnès Ferté , Fabio Finelli , Pablo Fosalba , Wendy L. Freedman , Noemi Frusciante , Enrique Gaztañaga , William Giarè , Elena Giusarma , Adrià Gómez-Valent , Will Handley , Ian Harrison , Luke Hart , Dhiraj Kumar Hazra , Alan Heavens , Asta Heinesen (5) , Hendrik Hildebrandt , J. Colin Hill , Natalie B. Hogg , Daniel E. Holz , Deanna C. Hooper , Nikoo Hosseininejad , Dragan Huterer , Mustapha Ishak , Mikhail M. Ivanov , Andrew H. Jaffe , In Sung Jang , Karsten Jedamzik (1) , Raul Jimenez , Melissa Joseph , Shahab Joudaki , Marc Kamionkowski , Tanvi Karwal , Lavrentios Kazantzidis , Ryan E. Keeley , Michael Klasen , Eiichiro Komatsu , Léon V.E. Koopmans , Suresh Kumar , Luca Lamagna , Ruth Lazkoz , Chung-Chi Lee , Julien Lesgourgues , Jackson Said Levi , Tiffany R. Lewis , Benjamin L'Huillier , Matteo Lucca , Roy Maartens , Lucas M. Macri , Danny Marfatia , Valerio Marra , Carlos J.A.P. Martins , Silvia Masi , Sabino Matarrese , Arindam Mazumdar , Alessandro Melchiorri , Olga Mena , Laura Mersini-Houghton , James Mertens , Dinko Milakovic , Yuto Minami , Vivian Miranda , Cristian Moreno-Pulido , Michele Moresco , David F. Mota , Emil Mottola , Simone Mozzon , Jessica Muir , Ankan Mukherjee , Suvodip Mukherjee , Pavel Naselsky , Pran Nath , Savvas Nesseris , Florian Niedermann , Alessio Notari , Rafael C. Nunes , Eoin Ó. Colgáin , Kayla A. Owens , Emre Ozulker , Francesco Pace , Andronikos Paliathanasis , Antonella Palmese , Supriya Pan , Daniela Paoletti , Santiago E. Bergliaffa Perez , Leandros Perivolaropoulos , Dominic W. Pesce , Valeria Pettorino (9) , Oliver H.E. Philcox , Levon Pogosian , Vivian Poulin (1) , Gaspard Poulot , Marco Raveri , Mark J. Reid , Fabrizio Renzi , Adam G. Riess , Vivian I. Sabla , Paolo Salucci , Vincenzo Salzano , Emmanuel N. Saridakis , Bangalore S. Sathyaprakash , Martin Schmaltz , Nils Schöneberg , Dan Scolnic , Anjan A. Sen , Neelima Sehgal , Arman Shafieloo , M.M. Sheikh-Jabbari , Joseph Silk (4) , Alessandra Silvestri , Foteini Skara , Martin S. Sloth , Marcelle Soares-Santos , Joan Peracaula Solà , Yu-Yang Songsheng , Jorge F. Soriano , Denitsa Staicova , Glenn D. Starkman , István Szapudi , Elsa M. Teixeira , Brooks Thomas , Tommaso Treu , Emery Trott , Carsten van de Bruck , J. Alberto Vazquez , Licia Verde , Luca Visinelli , Deng Wang , Jian-Min Wang , Shao-Jiang Wang , Richard Watkins , Scott Watson , John K. Webb , Neal Weiner , Amanda Weltman , Samuel J. Witte , Radosław Wojtak , Anil Kumar Yadav , Weiqiang Yang , Gong-Bo Zhao , Miguel Zumalacárregui

1 LUPM - Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
2 Astrophysique
3 LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres
4 IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
5 CRAL - Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon
6 CPB - Centre Pierre Binétruy
7 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
8 APC (UMR_7164) - AstroParticule et Cosmologie
9 AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation

The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant $H_0$, the ${\sigma }_8$–$S_8$ tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the $5.0\sigma$ tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the $H_0$ evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density ${\mathrm{\Omega }}_m$, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (${\sigma }_8,f{\sigma }_8$). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the $H_0$–$S_8$ tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions.

Mots clés: calibration: geometrical; matter: energy; energy: density; tension; new physics; anomaly; cosmic background radiation; Hubble constant; Planck; cosmological model; redshift; gravitation: lens; statistical; structure

Domaines: Astrophysique [astro-ph]; Physique des Hautes Energies - Phénoménologie [hep-ph]

Elcio Abdalla, Guillermo Franco Abellán, Amin Aboubrahim, Adriano Agnello, Ozgur Akarsu, et al.. Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies. Snowmass 2021, Jul 2022, Seattle, United States. pp.49-211, ⟨10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002⟩. ⟨hal-03658872⟩